{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174738657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","title":"Verifiable Observation of Permissioned Ledgers","display_name":"Verifiable Observation of Permissioned Ledgers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174738657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","mag":"3174738657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005140412","display_name":"Ermyas Abebe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ermyas Abebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630188","display_name":"Yining Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6233-743X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yining Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016160313","display_name":"Allison Irvin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison Irvin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057368099","display_name":"Dileban Karunamoorthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dileban Karunamoorthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037155424","display_name":"Vinayaka Pandit","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinayaka Pandit","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907901","display_name":"Venkatraman Ramakrishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-5914"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatraman Ramakrishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060534829","display_name":"Jiangshan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8006-7392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801239119","display_name":"Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02qa5kg76","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801037857","https://openalex.org/I2801239119","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangshan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801239119","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005140412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99237351,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.7795829772949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7128621339797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.711070716381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.686063289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.46473219990730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.43084901571273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.419095516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.4107082784175873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2170659303665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.18133172392845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1250133216381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09187549352645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08572831749916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07882291078567505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.7795829772949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7128621339797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.711070716381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.686063289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.46473219990730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.43084901571273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.419095516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4107082784175873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2170659303665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.18133172392845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1250133216381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09187549352645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08572831749916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07882291078567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35292054","https://openalex.org/W1498896551","https://openalex.org/W1562394980","https://openalex.org/W1607188293","https://openalex.org/W1989306170","https://openalex.org/W2120265856","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2171337840","https://openalex.org/W2514290474","https://openalex.org/W2759481512","https://openalex.org/W2767855054","https://openalex.org/W2794982701","https://openalex.org/W2795295812","https://openalex.org/W2806281946","https://openalex.org/W2883748642","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2889471539","https://openalex.org/W2913435035","https://openalex.org/W2964302640","https://openalex.org/W2970998217","https://openalex.org/W2981750966","https://openalex.org/W2985634786","https://openalex.org/W3021703869","https://openalex.org/W3022658964","https://openalex.org/W3043572547","https://openalex.org/W3048647062","https://openalex.org/W3090795265","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3111248335","https://openalex.org/W3174738657","https://openalex.org/W3196416048","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6633718309","https://openalex.org/W6677960219","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6749679082","https://openalex.org/W6753628087","https://openalex.org/W6753951811","https://openalex.org/W6767069589","https://openalex.org/W6783416258","https://openalex.org/W6801464478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355730523","https://openalex.org/W152021879","https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2494032366","https://openalex.org/W2365629437","https://openalex.org/W2072918937","https://openalex.org/W2023935927","https://openalex.org/W2348330439","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Permissioned":[0],"ledger":[1,84,150,183,225],"technologies":[2],"have":[3,17],"gained":[4],"significant":[5],"traction":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,48,72,76,79,92,143,153,158,164,175,178,181,188,199,215,232,245,268,271],"last":[9],"few":[10],"years.":[11],"For":[12],"practical":[13],"reasons,":[14],"their":[15,98],"applications":[16],"focused":[18],"on":[19,142,229,264],"transforming":[20],"narrowly":[21],"scoped":[22],"use-cases":[23],"in":[24,147,187,244],"isolation.":[25],"This":[26,107],"has":[27],"led":[28],"to":[29,74,85,91,103,155,234],"a":[30,83,116,148,196,218,222,250,258],"proliferation":[31],"of":[32,78,82,95,145,160,177,190,198,217,254,260,270],"niche,":[33],"isolated":[34],"networks":[35,52,115],"that":[36,220],"are":[37],"quickly":[38],"becoming":[39],"data":[40],"and":[41,59,110,151,192,204,231,257],"value":[42,46],"silos.":[43],"To":[44],"increase":[45],"across":[47,127],"broader":[49],"ecosystem,":[50],"these":[51,114],"must":[53],"seamlessly":[54],"integrate":[55],"with":[56,61,238],"existing":[57],"systems":[58],"interoperate":[60],"one":[62,241],"another.":[63],"A":[64],"fundamental":[65,122],"requirement":[66,123],"for":[67,124,137,201,226],"enabling":[68],"cross-chain":[69],"communication":[70],"is":[71,101,166],"ability":[73,154,233],"prove":[75],"validity":[77,144],"internal":[80,99],"state":[81,100,125,146,165,202],"an":[86,104,171],"external":[87,105,138],"party.":[88],"However,":[89],"due":[90],"closed":[93],"nature":[94],"permissioned":[96,128,149,182],"ledgers,":[97],"opaque":[102],"observer.":[106],"makes":[108],"consuming":[109],"verifying":[111],"states":[112],"from":[113],"non-trivial":[117],"problem.This":[118],"paper":[119],"addresses":[120],"this":[121],"sharing":[126,203],"ledgers.":[129],"In":[130],"particular,":[131],"we":[132],"address":[133],"two":[134],"key":[135],"problems":[136],"clients:":[139],"(i)":[140],"assurances":[141],"(ii)":[152],"reason":[156,235],"about":[157,236],"currency":[159],"state,":[161],"i.e.,":[162],"whether":[163],"currently":[167],"valid.":[168],"We":[169,194,213,247],"assume":[170],"adversarial":[172,211],"model":[173],"where":[174],"members":[176],"committee":[179],"managing":[180],"can":[184],"be":[185],"malicious":[186],"absence":[189],"detectability":[191],"accountability.":[193],"present":[195],"formalization":[197],"problem":[200],"examine":[205],"its":[206],"security":[207,252],"properties":[208],"under":[209],"different":[210],"conditions.":[212],"propose":[214],"design":[216,256],"protocol":[219],"uses":[221],"secure":[223],"public":[224],"providing":[227],"guarantees":[228],"safety":[230],"time,":[237],"at":[239],"least":[240],"honest":[242],"member":[243],"committee.":[246],"then":[248],"provide":[249],"formal":[251],"analysis":[253],"our":[255],"proof":[259],"concept":[261],"implementation":[262],"based":[263],"Hyperledger":[265],"Fabric":[266],"demonstrating":[267],"effectiveness":[269],"proposed":[272],"protocol.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
