{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173188134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","title":"How to Prove Work: With Time or Memory","display_name":"How to Prove Work: With Time or Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173188134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","mag":"3173188134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068092945","display_name":"Xiangyu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1319-6394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology,Tokyo,Japan","Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087088246","display_name":"Mario Larangeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-898X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Larangeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology,IOHK,Tokyo,Japan","IOHK, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology,IOHK,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOHK, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061345083","display_name":"Keisuke Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology,Tokyo,Japan","Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068092945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04575707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.8492066860198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.8276946544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7897714376449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6575693488121033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6398066282272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6030192375183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.49680498242378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.45104432106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4464499354362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2820225954055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2714163064956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.25152939558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22295576333999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13241088390350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.09382438659667969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.8492066860198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.8276946544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7897714376449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6575693488121033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6398066282272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6030192375183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.49680498242378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.45104432106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4464499354362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2820225954055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2714163064956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25152939558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22295576333999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13241088390350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.09382438659667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:50598632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100862682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196385","display_name":"Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","host_organization_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:50658040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100894867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196385","display_name":"Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","host_organization_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47372315","https://openalex.org/W1632088469","https://openalex.org/W2770479851","https://openalex.org/W2884999233","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6601903322","https://openalex.org/W6636398258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297726362","https://openalex.org/W4362501973","https://openalex.org/W4224304430","https://openalex.org/W4285133732","https://openalex.org/W4237285437","https://openalex.org/W2913682208","https://openalex.org/W4226032731","https://openalex.org/W2909288616","https://openalex.org/W4241097117","https://openalex.org/W3173188134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof-of-work":[0],"is":[1,20,43,52],"attracting":[2],"more":[3],"attention":[4],"with":[5],"the":[6,29,33,38,58,68,87,94,122],"boom":[7],"of":[8,71,73,97,124],"cryptocurrencies.":[9],"The":[10,18],"scheme":[11,109],"involves":[12],"a":[13,16,24,77,82],"prover":[14,19],"and":[15,75,93,103,120],"verifier.":[17],"required":[21],"to":[22,35],"solve":[23],"computationally":[25],"hard":[26,98],"problem,":[27],"i.e.,":[28],"PoW":[30,42,108],"puzzle,":[31],"for":[32],"verifier":[34],"verify.":[36],"However,":[37],"widely":[39],"adopted":[40],"hash-based":[41],"done":[44],"by":[45,101],"highly":[46],"dedicated":[47,125],"hardware,":[48],"e.g.,":[49],"\"ASIC\",":[50],"which":[51],"not":[53],"generally":[54],"accessible,":[55],"let":[56],"alone":[57],"high":[59],"energy":[60],"consumption":[61,119],"rates.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"work,":[65],"we":[66],"recall":[67],"original":[69],"meaning":[70],"\"proof":[72],"work\"":[74],"propose":[76],"novel":[78],"\"advice-based\"":[79],"framework":[80],"in":[81],"trusted":[83],"setting.":[84],"We":[85],"present":[86],"constructions":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"computational":[91],"assumptions":[92],"unified":[95],"definition":[96],"cryptographic":[99],"primitives":[100],"Biryukov":[102],"Perrin":[104],"(Asiacrypt'":[105],"17).":[106],"Our":[107],"can":[110],"be":[111],"time-hard":[112],"or":[113],"memory-hard":[114],"while":[115],"cutting":[116],"down":[117],"power":[118],"reducing":[121],"impact":[123],"hardware.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}