{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113808495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","title":"Enabling Micro-payments on IoT Devices using Bitcoin Lightning Network","display_name":"Enabling Micro-payments on IoT Devices using Bitcoin Lightning Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113808495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","mag":"3113808495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.10576","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046786039","display_name":"Ahmet Kurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7175-1739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075262103","display_name":"Suat Mercan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-9256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suat Mercana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028224541","display_name":"Enes Erdin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2979-8143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32038505","display_name":"University of Central Arkansas","ror":"https://ror.org/029bp0k25","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32038505"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152127","display_name":"Conway School of Landscape Design","ror":"https://ror.org/04q7y8a54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152127"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enes Erdin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Arkansas,Dept. of Computer Science,Conway,Arkansas"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Arkansas,Dept. of Computer Science,Conway,Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32038505","https://openalex.org/I4210152127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078029373","display_name":"Kemal Akkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kemal Akkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046786039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2377,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72011878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7389611005783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6825586557388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6350076198577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5933888554573059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5194615721702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5101242661476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.4921538233757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.4856175482273102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.47483116388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36967146396636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15263885259628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0910712480545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.08852061629295349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7389611005783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6825586557388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6350076198577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5933888554573059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5194615721702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5101242661476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.4921538233757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.4856175482273102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.47483116388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36967146396636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15263885259628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0910712480545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.08852061629295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.10576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.10576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3113808495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.10576.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.10576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.10576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.10576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.10576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113808495.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113808495.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2242033598","https://openalex.org/W2288007454","https://openalex.org/W2479984171","https://openalex.org/W2906548717","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W3008030432","https://openalex.org/W3032048634","https://openalex.org/W3085980483","https://openalex.org/W3131766184","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W6689972541","https://openalex.org/W6696179503","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174244142","https://openalex.org/W3013528330","https://openalex.org/W2752575750","https://openalex.org/W3130288149","https://openalex.org/W2990535887","https://openalex.org/W3128060065","https://openalex.org/W3136715039","https://openalex.org/W3125079156","https://openalex.org/W2951328286","https://openalex.org/W3171225046","https://openalex.org/W3047249099","https://openalex.org/W2901827310","https://openalex.org/W2802451247","https://openalex.org/W3159964528","https://openalex.org/W2891145243","https://openalex.org/W3080625705","https://openalex.org/W2886809270","https://openalex.org/W3003460161","https://openalex.org/W2903008994","https://openalex.org/W3127587886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lightning":[0],"Network":[1],"(LN)":[2],"addresses":[3],"the":[4,63,86,91,100,104],"scalability":[5],"problem":[6],"of":[7],"Bitcoin":[8],"by":[9,73,107],"leveraging":[10],"off-chain":[11],"transactions.":[12],"Nevertheless,":[13],"it":[14,109],"is":[15,60],"not":[16],"possible":[17],"to":[18,26,49,61,89],"run":[19],"LN":[20,56,67,87],"on":[21,99,110],"resource-constrained":[22],"IoT":[23,47,64,92],"devices":[24],"due":[25],"its":[27,70,121],"storage,":[28],"memory,":[29],"and":[30,41,119,123],"processing":[31],"requirements.":[32],"Therefore,":[33],"in":[34,66],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"an":[39,46],"efficient":[40],"secure":[42],"protocol":[43,84,106],"that":[44],"enables":[45],"device":[48,65],"use":[50],"LN's":[51],"functions":[52],"through":[53],"a":[54,111,115],"gateway":[55,88],"node.":[57],"The":[58],"idea":[59],"involve":[62],"operations":[68,98],"with":[69,79],"digital":[71],"signature":[72,95],"replacing":[74],"original":[75],"2-of-2":[76],"multisignature":[77,81],"channels":[78],"3-of-3":[80],"channels.":[82],"Our":[83],"enforces":[85],"request":[90],"device's":[93],"cryptographic":[94],"for":[96,114],"all":[97],"channel.":[101],"We":[102],"evaluated":[103],"proposed":[105],"implementing":[108],"Raspberry":[112],"Pi":[113],"toll":[116],"payment":[117],"scenario":[118],"demonstrated":[120],"feasibility":[122],"security.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
