{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177297672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","title":"Privacy and Transparency in CBDCs: A Regulation-by-Design AML/CFT Scheme","display_name":"Privacy and Transparency in CBDCs: A Regulation-by-Design AML/CFT Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177297672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","mag":"3177297672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/831811","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090451747","display_name":"Nadia Pocher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-2963"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Pocher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona &#x2022; K.U. Leuven &#x2022; Universit&#x00E0; di Bologna,Faculty of Law"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona &#x2022; K.U. Leuven &#x2022; Universit&#x00E0; di Bologna,Faculty of Law","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009841786","display_name":"Andreas Veneris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Veneris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090451747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89304315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.8116905689239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7276644706726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.5787341594696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.5771148800849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5362306237220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.5016918182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"Money laundering","score":0.4980778694152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.49776768684387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48444581031799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.42713722586631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.37819957733154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.2766449451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.24694526195526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24455323815345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1996820569038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.13787055015563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11011627316474915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.8116905689239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7276644706726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5787341594696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.5771148800849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5362306237220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.5016918182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.4980778694152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.49776768684387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48444581031799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.42713722586631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.37819957733154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.2766449451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.24694526195526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24455323815345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1996820569038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13787055015563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11011627316474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/714433","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/714433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"3rd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (IEEE ICBC), ELECTR NETWORK, 3-6 May 2021","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/831811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/831811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/55576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/55576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC) (2021-05); 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), Sydney, Australia [AU], from 03-05-2021 to 06-05-2021","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/831811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/831811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W988310285","https://openalex.org/W1516849327","https://openalex.org/W2079491939","https://openalex.org/W2163359022","https://openalex.org/W2396457900","https://openalex.org/W2398582829","https://openalex.org/W2616462372","https://openalex.org/W2741469203","https://openalex.org/W2781907197","https://openalex.org/W2786631001","https://openalex.org/W2908841309","https://openalex.org/W2909280644","https://openalex.org/W2925546197","https://openalex.org/W2934374211","https://openalex.org/W2969875901","https://openalex.org/W2973040429","https://openalex.org/W2974293674","https://openalex.org/W2999044884","https://openalex.org/W3005395329","https://openalex.org/W3009952230","https://openalex.org/W3013450807","https://openalex.org/W3035193423","https://openalex.org/W3036560928","https://openalex.org/W3037736773","https://openalex.org/W3046625312","https://openalex.org/W3047794938","https://openalex.org/W3081120400","https://openalex.org/W3082075034","https://openalex.org/W3088813586","https://openalex.org/W3104385574","https://openalex.org/W3118672276","https://openalex.org/W3123223446","https://openalex.org/W3123868249","https://openalex.org/W3124547316","https://openalex.org/W3125762864","https://openalex.org/W3125962906","https://openalex.org/W3147746008","https://openalex.org/W3153535188","https://openalex.org/W3157622159","https://openalex.org/W3162285760","https://openalex.org/W3163409379","https://openalex.org/W3175924040","https://openalex.org/W3176971574","https://openalex.org/W3191547271","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4252261040","https://openalex.org/W4288485831","https://openalex.org/W6712797101","https://openalex.org/W6741890086","https://openalex.org/W6748242308","https://openalex.org/W6773506135","https://openalex.org/W6775297055","https://openalex.org/W6779649358","https://openalex.org/W6780156952","https://openalex.org/W6781996899","https://openalex.org/W6792024842","https://openalex.org/W6795840409"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941928538","https://openalex.org/W4310615773","https://openalex.org/W2781658203","https://openalex.org/W3123995619","https://openalex.org/W68244391","https://openalex.org/W2783846473","https://openalex.org/W3125055505","https://openalex.org/W4382795247","https://openalex.org/W2510542389","https://openalex.org/W2515388767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Central":[0,19],"banks":[1],"and":[2,31,49,67],"governments":[3],"all":[4],"over":[5],"the":[6,93],"world":[7],"are":[8,32],"increasingly":[9],"exploring":[10],"digital":[11],"versions":[12],"of":[13,46,62],"fiat":[14],"money,":[15],"known":[16],"as":[17,34,84,92],"retail":[18],"Bank":[20],"Digital":[21],"Currencies":[22],"(CBDCs).":[23],"Most":[24],"initiatives":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27],"Distributed":[28],"Ledger":[29],"Technologies":[30,91],"presented":[33],"alternatives":[35],"to":[36,64,114,121],"physical":[37],"cash.":[38],"Consequently,":[39],"anonymity-related":[40],"regulatory":[41,111],"questions":[42],"arise":[43],"in":[44,69],"terms":[45],"Anti-Money":[47],"Laundering":[48],"Counter-Terrorist":[50],"Financing":[51],"compliance.":[52],"Against":[53],"this":[54,56],"backdrop,":[55],"paper":[57],"provides":[58],"a":[59],"techno-legal":[60],"taxonomy":[61],"approaches":[63],"balance":[65],"privacy":[66],"transparency":[68],"CBDCs":[70],"without":[71],"thwarting":[72],"accountability,":[73],"but":[74,107],"it":[75,98],"also":[76,108],"underlines":[77],"cross-sectoral":[78],"impacts.":[79],"The":[80],"contribution":[81],"heeds":[82],"regulation-by-design":[83],"its":[85],"core":[86],"methodological":[87],"foundation,":[88],"with":[89],"Privacy-Enhancing":[90],"relevant":[94],"use":[95],"case.":[96],"Thus,":[97],"highlights":[99],"that":[100,109],"not":[101],"only":[102],"technology":[103,118],"aids":[104],"legal":[105],"purposes,":[106],"some":[110],"requirements":[112],"ought":[113],"be":[115],"designed":[116],"into":[117],"for":[119],"one":[120],"reach":[122],"agreed-upon":[123],"results":[124],"and/or":[125],"standards.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
