{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175005086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","title":"VSCL: Automating Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts with Deep Learning","display_name":"VSCL: Automating Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts with Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175005086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","mag":"3175005086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114626798","display_name":"Feng Mi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9648-2301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Mi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012907875","display_name":"Zhuoyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767050","display_name":"Chen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012601476","display_name":"Jinghui Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7783-9811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038009479","display_name":"Fawaz Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fawaz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005002693","display_name":"Latifur Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-1576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latifur Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114626798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99330357,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7732583284378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6665128469467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6237039566040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5871913433074951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.5508657693862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5307953953742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5269494652748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5110896229743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5000717639923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.43485501408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4173271358013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40014466643333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32042330503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.18496844172477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.1589321494102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08523011207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08438584208488464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7732583284378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6665128469467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6237039566040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5871913433074951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.5508657693862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5307953953742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5269494652748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5110896229743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5000717639923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.43485501408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4173271358013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40014466643333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32042330503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.18496844172477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1589321494102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08523011207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08438584208488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc51069.2021.9461050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608612","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1955055330","https://openalex.org/W2100151287","https://openalex.org/W2135442311","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2297419069","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2798303923","https://openalex.org/W2805383889","https://openalex.org/W2810894210","https://openalex.org/W2888928288","https://openalex.org/W2889740224","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2913505554","https://openalex.org/W2940934424","https://openalex.org/W2955344300","https://openalex.org/W2964271799","https://openalex.org/W2970773487","https://openalex.org/W2971344893","https://openalex.org/W2997640974","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3006767546","https://openalex.org/W3086700537","https://openalex.org/W3127736190","https://openalex.org/W4288840809","https://openalex.org/W4289548059","https://openalex.org/W6679857944","https://openalex.org/W6754374649","https://openalex.org/W6754519360","https://openalex.org/W6773970000","https://openalex.org/W6790047161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808452017","https://openalex.org/W3176636969","https://openalex.org/W4287163518","https://openalex.org/W3083471387","https://openalex.org/W4322765894","https://openalex.org/W4398239070","https://openalex.org/W4255703437","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W3114041051","https://openalex.org/W4249754892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,23,114,125,143,155,170,182,186],"increase":[2],"of":[3,6,27,54,59,139,146,190],"adoption":[5],"blockchain":[7],"technology":[8],"in":[9,41,101,121,152],"providing":[10],"decentralized":[11],"solutions":[12,70],"to":[13,22,49,71,79,85,94,108,117,168],"various":[14,39],"problems,":[15],"smart":[16,42,60,122,140,147],"contracts":[17,43,123,148],"have":[18,44],"become":[19],"more":[20],"popular":[21],"point":[24],"that":[25],"billions":[26],"US":[28],"Dollars":[29],"are":[30,99,149,158],"currently":[31],"exchanged":[32],"every":[33],"day":[34],"through":[35],"such":[36,110],"technology.":[37],"Meanwhile,":[38],"vulnerabilities":[40,62,93,120],"been":[45],"exploited":[46],"by":[47],"attackers":[48],"steal":[50],"cryptocurrencies":[51],"worth":[52],"millions":[53],"dollars.":[55],"The":[56],"automatic":[57],"detection":[58,171],"contract":[61,141],"therefore":[63],"is":[64],"an":[65],"essential":[66],"research":[67],"problem.":[68],"Existing":[69],"this":[72,89,106],"problem":[73],"particularly":[74],"rely":[75],"on":[76,124,177],"human":[77],"experts":[78],"define":[80],"features":[81],"or":[82],"different":[83],"rules":[84],"detect":[86,119],"vulnerabilities.":[87,104],"However,":[88],"often":[90],"causes":[91],"many":[92],"be":[95],"ignored,":[96],"and":[97,181,188],"they":[98],"inefficient":[100],"detecting":[102],"new":[103],"In":[105],"study,":[107],"overcome":[109],"challenges,":[111],"we":[112,130],"propose":[113],"VSCL":[115],"framework":[116],"automatically":[118],"blockchain.":[126],"More":[127],"specifically,":[128],"first,":[129],"utilize":[131],"novel":[132,162],"feature":[133],"vector":[134],"generation":[135],"techniques":[136],"from":[137],"bytecode":[138],"since":[142],"source":[144],"code":[145],"rarely":[150],"available":[151],"public.":[153],"Next,":[154],"collected":[156],"vectors":[157],"fed":[159],"into":[160],"our":[161,191],"metric":[163],"learning-based":[164],"deep":[165],"neural":[166],"network(DNN)":[167],"get":[169],"result.":[172],"We":[173],"conduct":[174],"comprehensive":[175],"experiments":[176],"a":[178],"large-scale":[179],"benchmark,":[180],"quantitative":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"effectiveness":[187],"efficiency":[189],"approach.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}