{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995390739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","title":"Imbalance measure and proactive channel rebalancing algorithm for the Lightning Network","display_name":"Imbalance measure and proactive channel rebalancing algorithm for the Lightning Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995390739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","mag":"2995390739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09555","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060747082","display_name":"Rene Pickhardt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rene Pickhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076908748","display_name":"Mariusz Nowostawski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-8615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariusz Nowostawski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060747082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1126,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83398084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9271000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6251952052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5624759793281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5616771578788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.42491763830184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41563084721565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.41302716732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3205389976501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2250910997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15735486149787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08004504442214966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6251952052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5624759793281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5616771578788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.42491763830184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41563084721565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41302716732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3205389976501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2250910997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15735486149787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08004504442214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169456","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.09555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.09555","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2995390739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09555v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.09555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1912.09555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.09555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.09555","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995390739.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111586182","https://openalex.org/W2766452458","https://openalex.org/W2809831934","https://openalex.org/W2890600083","https://openalex.org/W2891974374","https://openalex.org/W2975903498","https://openalex.org/W3043491016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015521979","https://openalex.org/W2941465030","https://openalex.org/W3025818180","https://openalex.org/W3006622962","https://openalex.org/W3042026484","https://openalex.org/W3196839347","https://openalex.org/W3014969680","https://openalex.org/W3048163437","https://openalex.org/W2141271117","https://openalex.org/W2994770915","https://openalex.org/W2887449462","https://openalex.org/W1497987559","https://openalex.org/W2247417592","https://openalex.org/W2101271940","https://openalex.org/W2185947505","https://openalex.org/W1605198336","https://openalex.org/W2770052322","https://openalex.org/W2548178352","https://openalex.org/W2749410769","https://openalex.org/W2133858558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Making":[0],"a":[1,4,22,30,33,44,61,91,108,124,148,205,212,219],"payment":[2,6,16,35,151,169],"in":[3,129,161],"privacy-aware":[5],"channel":[7],"network":[8,45,59,122,158,214],"can":[9,36],"be":[10,216],"achieved":[11],"by":[12],"trying":[13],"out":[14],"several":[15,40],"paths":[17,74],"until":[18],"one":[19],"succeeds.":[20],"With":[21],"large":[23],"network,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,60],"the":[27,50,55,58,67,70,76,79,101,111,117,121,132,136,144,156,162,166,187,209],"Lightning":[28,112],"Network,":[29],"completion":[31],"of":[32,53,57,63,66,83,110,120,127,147,174,211,222],"single":[34,149],"take":[37],"up":[38],"to":[39,131,159,179,200],"minutes.":[41],"We":[42,140],"introduce":[43,90],"imbalance":[46,118,133],"measure":[47],"and":[48,81],"formulate":[49],"optimization":[51],"problem":[52],"improving":[54],"balance":[56,99],"sequence":[62],"rebalancing":[64,197],"operations":[65],"funds":[68,80],"within":[69,75,208],"channels":[71,84],"along":[72],"circular":[73],"network.":[77,164],"As":[78],"balances":[82],"are":[85],"not":[86],"globally":[87],"known,":[88],"we":[89,114],"greedy":[92],"heuristic":[93,137],"that":[94,116,143,204],"improves":[95],"every":[96],"node's":[97],"local":[98],"despite":[100],"uncertainty.":[102],"In":[103],"an":[104],"empirical":[105],"simulation":[106],"on":[107,155,186],"snapshot":[109],"Network":[113],"demonstrate":[115],"distribution":[119,134],"has":[123],"Kolmogorov-Smirnoff":[125],"distance":[126],"0.74":[128],"comparison":[130],"after":[135],"is":[138],"applied.":[139],"further":[141],"show":[142],"success":[145],"rate":[146],"unit":[150],"increases":[152,176],"from":[153,177,218],"11.2%":[154],"imbalanced":[157],"98.3%":[160],"balanced":[163],"Similarly,":[165],"median":[167],"possible":[168,189],"size":[170],"across":[171],"all":[172],"pairs":[173],"participants":[175],"0":[178],"0.5":[180],"mBTC":[181],"for":[182,195],"initial":[183],"routing":[184],"attempts":[185],"cheapest":[188],"path.":[190],"Executing":[191],"4":[192],"different":[193],"strategies":[194],"selecting":[196],"cycles":[198],"lead":[199],"similar":[201],"results":[202],"indicating":[203],"collaborative":[206],"approach":[207],"friend":[210,213],"might":[215],"preferable":[217],"practical":[220],"point":[221],"view.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
