{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006210081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","title":"The Harms of Demographic Bias in Deep Face Recognition Research","display_name":"The Harms of Demographic Bias in Deep Face Recognition Research","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006210081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","mag":"3006210081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000054951","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-6612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148503","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/045eg9c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raul Vicente Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037008959","display_name":"Lukasz Wandzik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148503","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/045eg9c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukasz Wandzik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024567423","display_name":"Louisa Grabner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148503","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/045eg9c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louisa Grabner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063703817","display_name":"Joerg Krueger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148503","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/045eg9c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joerg Krueger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IPK,Department of Machine Vision,Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Vision, Fraunhofer IPK, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000054951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2269,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90852022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.7711684703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7366676330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6588025689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6408312320709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5864731073379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5419697165489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.4866850972175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4159850478172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.20418718457221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1245986819267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09705314040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09334954619407654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.7711684703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7366676330566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6588025689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6408312320709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5864731073379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5419697165489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4866850972175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4159850478172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.20418718457221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1245986819267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09705314040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09334954619407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.550000011920929},{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W1982696459","https://openalex.org/W1989563738","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2084652052","https://openalex.org/W2109741874","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2513140567","https://openalex.org/W2569242799","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2619858633","https://openalex.org/W2737067721","https://openalex.org/W2737473175","https://openalex.org/W2783693055","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2902126751","https://openalex.org/W2902333160","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2962997291","https://openalex.org/W2964228922","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W4235119972","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6734382031","https://openalex.org/W6747289289","https://openalex.org/W6748382702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1679315481","https://openalex.org/W3151495635","https://openalex.org/W4385170164","https://openalex.org/W4236870338","https://openalex.org/W2016917053","https://openalex.org/W1580681114","https://openalex.org/W51472912","https://openalex.org/W4361020386","https://openalex.org/W4362722828","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work":[2],"we":[3,55],"demonstrate":[4],"the":[5,11,48,51],"existence":[6],"of":[7,14,35,50],"demographic":[8,37,63],"bias":[9,64],"in":[10,39,65,81],"face":[12,18,68,82],"representations":[13],"currently":[15],"popular":[16],"deep-learning-based":[17],"recognition":[19],"models,":[20],"exposing":[21],"a":[22,32],"bad":[23],"research":[24],"and":[25,79],"development":[26],"practice":[27],"that":[28,60],"may":[29],"lead":[30],"to":[31],"systematic":[33],"discrimination":[34],"certain":[36],"groups":[38],"critical":[40],"scenarios":[41],"like":[42],"automated":[43],"border":[44],"control.":[45],"Furthermore,":[46],"through":[47],"simulation":[49],"template":[52],"morphing":[53],"attack,":[54],"reveal":[56],"significant":[57],"security":[58],"risks":[59],"derive":[61],"from":[62],"current":[66],"deep":[67],"models.":[69],"This":[70],"widely":[71],"ignored":[72],"problem":[73],"poses":[74],"important":[75],"questions":[76],"on":[77],"fairness":[78],"accountability":[80],"recognition.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}