{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941801774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","title":"Generalized Presentation Attack Detection: a face anti-spoofing evaluation proposal","display_name":"Generalized Presentation Attack Detection: a face anti-spoofing evaluation proposal","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941801774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","mag":"2941801774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06213","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029470411","display_name":"Artur Costa\u2010Pazo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-3482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Costa-Pazo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044266939","display_name":"David Jim\u00e9nez\u2010Cabello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Jimenez-Cabello","raw_affiliation_strings":["GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049061908","display_name":"Esteban V\u00e1zquez-Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esteban Vazquez-Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRADIANT, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gradiant, Vigo, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037470203","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Alba\u2010Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Alba-Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vigo, Spain","University of Vigo, spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vigo, spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042331786","display_name":"Roberto J. L\u00f3pez-Sastre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2477-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto J. Lopez-Sastre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Spain","University of Alcal\u00e1, Spain#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5277865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.8566811084747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8256697654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6961350440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6904263496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6726139783859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.5752792954444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5537949204444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4859691858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4746977686882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4210514724254608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3481266498565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.21812713146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08232519030570984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.8566811084747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8256697654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6961350440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6904263496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6726139783859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.5752792954444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5537949204444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4859691858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4746977686882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4210514724254608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3481266498565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.21812713146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08232519030570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb45273.2019.8987290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.06213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06213","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2941801774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.06213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.06213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.06213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06213","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941801774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941801774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2004211009","https://openalex.org/W2009451935","https://openalex.org/W2047575506","https://openalex.org/W2106852298","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2125320497","https://openalex.org/W2129622867","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2552267233","https://openalex.org/W2558151185","https://openalex.org/W2594656819","https://openalex.org/W2599226450","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2778540638","https://openalex.org/W2790392345","https://openalex.org/W2792324968","https://openalex.org/W2798097728","https://openalex.org/W2883750974","https://openalex.org/W2885013511","https://openalex.org/W2887396754","https://openalex.org/W2900900626","https://openalex.org/W2907306158","https://openalex.org/W2926893580","https://openalex.org/W2941396125","https://openalex.org/W2951863354","https://openalex.org/W2964245886","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W4241948780","https://openalex.org/W6651332010","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6756773722","https://openalex.org/W6757287201","https://openalex.org/W6785117583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005730712","https://openalex.org/W2778540638","https://openalex.org/W2786407934","https://openalex.org/W3195719225","https://openalex.org/W2998570087","https://openalex.org/W3099271666","https://openalex.org/W3212349888","https://openalex.org/W3015313050","https://openalex.org/W3158978614","https://openalex.org/W3151295995","https://openalex.org/W3183943918","https://openalex.org/W2939328166","https://openalex.org/W2921332198","https://openalex.org/W2594463888","https://openalex.org/W3205605959","https://openalex.org/W2592607737","https://openalex.org/W3203181726","https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2972811785","https://openalex.org/W1564743226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,46,60,67,91,112,116,122,126],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"Presentation":[5],"Attack":[6],"Detection":[7],"(PAD)":[8],"has":[9,21],"become":[10],"a":[11,32,39,83,102],"fundamental":[12],"part":[13],"of":[14,49,62,73,93,128],"facial":[15],"recognition":[16],"systems.":[17],"Although":[18],"much":[19],"effort":[20],"been":[22],"devoted":[23],"to":[24,44,89],"anti-spoofing":[25],"research,":[26],"generalization":[27,47,68],"in":[28,118],"real":[29],"scenarios":[30],"remains":[31],"challenge.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper":[36],"we":[37,100],"present":[38],"new":[40,63],"open-source":[41],"evaluation":[42,74,107],"framework":[43,58],"study":[45],"capacity":[48],"face":[50,119],"PAD":[51,78],"methods,":[52],"coined":[53],"here":[54],"as":[55],"face-GPAD.":[56],"This":[57],"facilitates":[59],"creation":[61],"protocols":[64],"focused":[65],"on":[66],"problem":[69,92],"establishing":[70],"fair":[71],"procedures":[72],"and":[75,86,121],"comparison":[76],"between":[77,95],"solutions.":[79],"We":[80],"also":[81],"introduce":[82],"large":[84],"aggregated":[85],"categorized":[87],"dataset":[88],"address":[90],"incompatibility":[94],"publicly":[96],"available":[97],"datasets.":[98],"Finally,":[99],"propose":[101],"benchmark":[103],"adding":[104],"two":[105],"novel":[106],"protocols:":[108],"one":[109],"for":[110,124],"measuring":[111],"effect":[113],"introduced":[114],"by":[115],"variations":[117],"resolution,":[120],"second":[123],"evaluating":[125],"influence":[127],"adversarial":[129],"operating":[130],"conditions.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}