{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2516707548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","title":"Scale space texture analysis for face anti-spoofing","display_name":"Scale space texture analysis for face anti-spoofing","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2516707548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","mag":"2516707548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078946911","display_name":"Zinelabidine Boulkenafet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-445X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zinelabidine Boulkenafet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002650921","display_name":"Jukka Komulainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-7868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Komulainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101536090","display_name":"Xiaoyi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0428-6224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Electronics and Information, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Electronics and Information, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013928164","display_name":"Abdenour Hadid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["CN","FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdenour Hadid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Electronics and Information, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Electronics and Information, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94722955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7433528900146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7245582342147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6149993538856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space","display_name":"Scale space","score":0.5937254428863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5922124981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5883002281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5691229104995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5346051454544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5149058103561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5006546974182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4909417927265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4669068455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20103228092193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.1908240020275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08349975943565369}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7433528900146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7245582342147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6149993538856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99102927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058184","display_name":"Scale space","level":4,"score":0.5937254428863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5922124981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5883002281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5691229104995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5346051454544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5149058103561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5006546974182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4909417927265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4669068455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20103228092193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.1908240020275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08349975943565369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2016.7550078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336704","display_name":"Infotech Oulu","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W627818147","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1704933117","https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2009451935","https://openalex.org/W2022504879","https://openalex.org/W2035737465","https://openalex.org/W2039552902","https://openalex.org/W2042883034","https://openalex.org/W2047575506","https://openalex.org/W2060488209","https://openalex.org/W2072273451","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2111440402","https://openalex.org/W2118392996","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2133155955","https://openalex.org/W2145131129","https://openalex.org/W2160757564","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2163744678","https://openalex.org/W2174309130","https://openalex.org/W2314206275","https://openalex.org/W2798681570","https://openalex.org/W6637339757","https://openalex.org/W6676885845","https://openalex.org/W6677656871","https://openalex.org/W6684314024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W4401097268","https://openalex.org/W2607818178","https://openalex.org/W3012240659","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"spoofing":[1,135],"detection":[2,136],"(i.e.":[3],"face":[4,48,64,75,117,134],"anti-spoofing)":[5],"is":[6,86],"emerging":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,17,68],"new":[10,69,82],"research":[11],"area":[12],"and":[13,45,106,114,140],"has":[14],"already":[15],"attracted":[16],"good":[18],"number":[19],"of":[20,37,102,123,133],"works":[21,55],"during":[22],"the":[23,31,34,38,41,62,74,121,131],"past":[24],"five":[25],"years.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"addresses":[29],"for":[30],"first":[32],"time":[33],"key":[35],"problem":[36],"variation":[39],"in":[40,47,129],"input":[42],"image":[43],"quality":[44],"resolution":[46],"anti-spoofing.":[49],"In":[50],"contrast":[51],"to":[52,72],"most":[53],"existing":[54],"aiming":[56],"at":[57],"extracting":[58],"multiscale":[59,70,83,89,92,126],"descriptors":[60],"from":[61],"original":[63],"images,":[65],"we":[66],"derive":[67],"space":[71,84,105,127],"represent":[73],"images":[76],"before":[77],"texture":[78,142],"feature":[79],"extraction.":[80],"The":[81],"representation":[85,128],"derived":[87],"through":[88],"filtering.":[90],"Three":[91],"filtering":[93],"methods":[94],"are":[95],"considered":[96],"including":[97],"Gaussian":[98,103],"scale":[99,104],"space,":[100],"Difference":[101],"Multiscale":[107],"Retinex.":[108],"Extensive":[109],"experiments":[110],"on":[111,138],"three":[112],"challenging":[113],"publicly":[115],"available":[116],"anti-spoofing":[118],"databases":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"effectiveness":[122],"our":[124],"proposed":[125],"improving":[130],"performance":[132],"based":[137],"gray-scale":[139],"color":[141],"descriptors.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}