{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012612618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","title":"Face liveness detection using variable focusing","display_name":"Face liveness detection using variable focusing","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012612618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","mag":"2012612618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103480336","display_name":"Sooyeon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sooyeon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002445005","display_name":"Sunjin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-4099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I391668","display_name":"Cheju Halla University","ror":"https://ror.org/02keg3263","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I391668"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunjin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Broadcasting and Film, Cheju Halla University, South Korea","Dept. of Broadcasting & Film, Cheju Halla Univ., Jeju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Broadcasting and Film, Cheju Halla University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I391668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Broadcasting & Film, Cheju Halla Univ., Jeju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I391668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062459156","display_name":"Kwangtaek Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-4655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwangtaek Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Computer Interaction Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","Human Comput. Interaction Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Computer Interaction Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Comput. Interaction Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037234550","display_name":"Yuseok Ban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-6863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuseok Ban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015739530","display_name":"Sangyoun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-6777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangyoun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul, South Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98947615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.9846025705337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8842321634292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.794477641582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7551364898681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7017264366149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6017754673957825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5436041951179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5405020713806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.47709590196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.46733295917510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4643652141094208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.429439902305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4086071848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.25008487701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.0936746597290039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0690678060054779}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.9846025705337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8842321634292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.794477641582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7551364898681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7017264366149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6017754673957825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5436041951179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5405020713806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47709590196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.46733295917510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4643652141094208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.429439902305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4086071848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25008487701416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.0936746597290039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0690678060054779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2013.6613002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559788806","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1889383825","https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W1996664229","https://openalex.org/W2001770761","https://openalex.org/W2010616303","https://openalex.org/W2063661788","https://openalex.org/W2079307674","https://openalex.org/W2106514978","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2108880818","https://openalex.org/W2111873430","https://openalex.org/W2145426126","https://openalex.org/W2152472358","https://openalex.org/W2153344422","https://openalex.org/W2155930830","https://openalex.org/W2163914249","https://openalex.org/W2165043427","https://openalex.org/W2166774562","https://openalex.org/W3094438865","https://openalex.org/W6637386731","https://openalex.org/W6682777295","https://openalex.org/W6684157366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533239677","https://openalex.org/W2140593870","https://openalex.org/W4389545061","https://openalex.org/W3126377002","https://openalex.org/W2903861076","https://openalex.org/W2604576816","https://openalex.org/W2729608596","https://openalex.org/W2913345013","https://openalex.org/W2900020547","https://openalex.org/W3016508785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,31],"Face":[1],"Recognition(FR)":[2],"technology":[3],"becomes":[4],"more":[5,49],"mature":[6],"and":[7,26,140],"commercially":[8],"available":[9],"in":[10,99,148],"the":[11,23,87,118,131,141],"market,":[12],"many":[13],"different":[14,100],"anti-spoofing":[15,35],"techniques":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18],"recently":[19],"developed":[20],"to":[21,44,77,129],"enhance":[22],"security,":[24],"reliability,":[25],"effectiveness":[27],"of":[28,34,72,89,120,122,133,152],"FR":[29,46,134],"systems.":[30,135],"a":[32,59,111,127,149],"part":[33],"techniques,":[36],"face":[37,63],"liveness":[38,64],"detection":[39,65,147],"plays":[40],"an":[41],"important":[42],"role":[43],"make":[45],"systems":[47],"be":[48],"secured":[50],"from":[51],"various":[52],"attacks.":[53],"In":[54,75],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"novel":[60],"method":[61,113,143],"for":[62],"by":[66,92],"using":[67],"focus,":[68],"which":[69,125],"is":[70,110,126,138],"one":[71],"camera":[73],"functions.":[74],"order":[76],"identify":[78],"fake":[79,146],"faces":[80],"(e.g.":[81],"2D":[82],"pictures),":[83],"our":[84,107],"approach":[85,109],"utilizes":[86],"variation":[88],"pixel":[90],"values":[91],"focusing":[93],"between":[94],"two":[95],"images":[96],"sequentially":[97],"taken":[98],"focuses.":[101],"The":[102,136],"experimental":[103],"result":[104],"shows":[105],"that":[106,114],"focus-based":[108],"new":[112],"can":[115],"significantly":[116],"increase":[117],"level":[119],"difficulty":[121],"spoof":[123],"attacks,":[124],"way":[128],"improve":[130],"security":[132],"performance":[137],"evaluated":[139],"proposed":[142],"achieves":[144],"100%":[145],"given":[150],"DoF(Depth":[151],"Field).":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
