{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2276248368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","title":"Robust 3D face recognition in the presence of realistic occlusions","display_name":"Robust 3D face recognition in the presence of realistic occlusions","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2276248368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","mag":"2276248368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053217760","display_name":"Ne\u015fe Aly\u00fcz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nese Alyuz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007787982","display_name":"Berk G\u00f6kberk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6299-1610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Gokberk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105827280","display_name":"Luuk Spreeuwers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-560X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luuk Spreeuwers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031138348","display_name":"Raymond Veldhuis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-5235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Veldhuis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064788653","display_name":"Lale Akarun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8813-8084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lale Akarun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94537448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"111","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8286959528923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7032450437545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-closest-point","display_name":"Iterative closest point","score":0.6926931142807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6505676507949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6352365612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6252704858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6072561144828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"Occlusion","score":0.6063135862350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5856015682220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5539709329605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.1700720489025116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8286959528923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7032450437545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675268","display_name":"Iterative closest point","level":3,"score":0.6926931142807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6505676507949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6352365612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6252704858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6072561144828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776268601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968808","display_name":"Occlusion","level":2,"score":0.6063135862350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5856015682220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5539709329605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.1700720489025116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icb.2012.6199767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics (ICB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/a8baac88-54a0-4d4d-a284-8bc8eeedc6a3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a8baac88-54a0-4d4d-a284-8bc8eeedc6a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alyuz, N, G\u00f6kberk, B, Spreeuwers, L J, Veldhuis, R N J & Akarun, L 2012, Robust 3D Face Recognition in the Presence of Realistic Occlusions. in 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, ICB 2012. IEEE, USA, pp. 111-118, 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, ICB 2012, New Delhi, India, 29/03/12. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICB.2012.6199767","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/a8baac88-54a0-4d4d-a284-8bc8eeedc6a3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/secure2/21548/01/icb_2012.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alyuz , N , G\u00f6kberk , B , Spreeuwers , L J , Veldhuis , R N J & Akarun , L 2012 , Robust 3D Face Recognition in the Presence of Realistic Occlusions . in 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, ICB 2012 . IEEE , USA , pp. 111-118 , 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, ICB 2012 , New Delhi , India , 29/03/12 . https://doi.org/10.1109/ICB.2012.6199767","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33507944","https://openalex.org/W1566413196","https://openalex.org/W1596600767","https://openalex.org/W1990451585","https://openalex.org/W1998613701","https://openalex.org/W2003067321","https://openalex.org/W2007306851","https://openalex.org/W2044584741","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2083332259","https://openalex.org/W2106950979","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2120101088","https://openalex.org/W2124682005","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2145471510","https://openalex.org/W2145526234","https://openalex.org/W2153759571","https://openalex.org/W2156964215","https://openalex.org/W2161116336","https://openalex.org/W2182181591","https://openalex.org/W2789848387","https://openalex.org/W6635805442","https://openalex.org/W6676032702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052589448","https://openalex.org/W2765337000","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W2391447249","https://openalex.org/W2312955079","https://openalex.org/W2350996391","https://openalex.org/W2066119650","https://openalex.org/W2059615944","https://openalex.org/W4224057882","https://openalex.org/W1995039490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"occlusions":[1,28,103],"pose":[2],"significant":[3],"problems":[4],"for":[5],"automatic":[6],"face":[7,37,96,121,138],"recognition":[8,38],"systems.":[9],"In":[10,43],"this":[11],"work,":[12],"we":[13],"propose":[14],"a":[15,94,106],"novel":[16],"occlusion-resistant":[17,53],"three-dimensional":[18],"(3D)":[19],"facial":[20,124,132],"identification":[21,160],"system.":[22],"We":[23],"show":[24],"that,":[25,141],"under":[26],"extreme":[27],"due":[29],"to":[30,45,117,165],"hair,":[31],"hands,":[32],"and":[33,57,76],"eyeglasses,":[34],"typical":[35],"3D":[36,137],"systems":[39],"exhibit":[40],"poor":[41],"performance.":[42],"order":[44],"deal":[46],"with":[47,142],"occlusions,":[48],"our":[49],"proposed":[50,156],"system":[51],"employs":[52],"registration,":[54],"occlusion":[55],"detection,":[56],"regional":[58,149],"classifiers.":[59],"A":[60],"two-step":[61],"registration":[62],"module":[63],"first":[64],"detects":[65],"the":[66,70,119,135,143,155],"nose":[67],"region":[68],"on":[69,129],"curvedness-weighted":[71],"convex":[72],"shape":[73],"index":[74],"map,":[75],"then":[77],"performs":[78],"fine":[79],"alignment":[80],"using":[81],"nose-based":[82],"Iterative":[83],"Closest":[84],"Point":[85],"(ICP)":[86],"algorithm.":[87],"Occluded":[88],"areas":[89],"are":[90,104],"determined":[91],"automatically":[92],"via":[93],"generic":[95],"model.":[97],"After":[98],"non-facial":[99],"parts":[100],"introduced":[101],"by":[102],"removed,":[105],"variant":[107],"of":[108,145,148],"Gappy":[109],"Principal":[110],"Component":[111],"Analysis":[112,152],"(Gappy":[113],"PCA)":[114],"is":[115],"used":[116],"restore":[118],"full":[120],"from":[122,134,163],"occlusion-free":[123],"surfaces.":[125],"Experimental":[126],"results":[127],"obtained":[128],"realistically":[130],"occluded":[131],"images":[133],"Bosphorus":[136],"database":[139],"shows":[140],"use":[144],"score-level":[146],"fusion":[147],"Linear":[150],"Discriminant":[151],"(LDA)":[153],"classifiers,":[154],"method":[157],"improves":[158],"rank-1":[159],"accuracy":[161],"significantly:":[162],"76.12%":[164],"94.23%.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}