{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408356075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577","title":"Regarding the Existence of the Internal Language Model in CTC-Based E2E ASR","display_name":"Regarding the Existence of the Internal Language Model in CTC-Based E2E ASR","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408356075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/517113956/ZhaoandBellICASSP2025RegardingtheExistenceoftheInternalLanguageModel.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775936","display_name":"Zeyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6612-9731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh,The Centre for Speech Technology Research,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh,The Centre for Speech Technology Research,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081337679","display_name":"Peter Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-7408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh,The Centre for Speech Technology Research,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh,The Centre for Speech Technology Research,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7721,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88462242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7457674145698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4426558017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3136652708053589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7457674145698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4426558017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3136652708053589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889577","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/bc45571b-1734-453f-adb8-bc387f41e0b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/bc45571b-1734-453f-adb8-bc387f41e0b9","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/517113956/ZhaoandBellICASSP2025RegardingtheExistenceoftheInternalLanguageModel.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/bc45571b-1734-453f-adb8-bc387f41e0b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/bc45571b-1734-453f-adb8-bc387f41e0b9","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/517113956/ZhaoandBellICASSP2025RegardingtheExistenceoftheInternalLanguageModel.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408356075.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408356075.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005708641","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2402146185","https://openalex.org/W2766219058","https://openalex.org/W2808939837","https://openalex.org/W2888867175","https://openalex.org/W2962780374","https://openalex.org/W2963211739","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2963537349","https://openalex.org/W3016053754","https://openalex.org/W3152221657","https://openalex.org/W3163560333","https://openalex.org/W3205788551","https://openalex.org/W3209059054","https://openalex.org/W4319862418","https://openalex.org/W4372266720","https://openalex.org/W4372267353","https://openalex.org/W4385823095","https://openalex.org/W4385823471","https://openalex.org/W4391021728","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6679855610","https://openalex.org/W6780218876","https://openalex.org/W6847363464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"End-to-End":[1],"(E2E)":[2],"Automatic":[3],"Speech":[4],"Recognition":[5],"(ASR)":[6],"models,":[7,103],"such":[8],"as":[9,27],"Attention-based":[10],"Encoder-Decoder":[11],"(AED)":[12],"and":[13,64,122],"Recurrent":[14],"Neural":[15],"Network":[16],"Transducer":[17],"(RNN-T)":[18],"are":[19],"known":[20],"to":[21,86,107],"have":[22],"components":[23],"that":[24,155],"effectively":[25],"act":[26],"internal":[28],"language":[29,102],"models":[30,109],"(ILM),":[31],"implicitly":[32],"modelling":[33,120],"the":[34,38,42,62,88,115,142,152,173],"prior":[35],"probability":[36],"of":[37,44,66,117,133],"output":[39],"sequence.":[40],"However,":[41,149],"existence":[43,63],"an":[45,67,134,164,167],"ILM":[46,68,135,168],"in":[47,69,136,146,178],"pure":[48],"Connectionist":[49],"Temporal":[50],"Classification":[51],"(CTC)":[52],"ASR":[53,138],"systems":[54],"remains":[55],"debated.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,80,104,150],"investigate":[61],"strength":[65],"CTC":[70,73,108,158,174],"systems.":[71],"Since":[72],"posterior":[74],"probabilities":[75],"cannot":[76],"be":[77],"analytically":[78],"factorised,":[79],"propose":[81],"a":[82,95,157],"novel":[83],"empirical":[84],"method":[85,93],"probe":[87],"ILM.":[89],"After":[90],"validating":[91],"our":[92,147],"on":[94],"hybrid":[96],"DNN":[97],"model":[98],"with":[99,141,163],"various":[100],"external":[101],"apply":[105],"it":[106],"trained":[110,162],"under":[111],"different":[112],"conditions,":[113],"examining":[114],"effects":[116],"training":[118,123,144],"data,":[119],"units,":[121],"or":[124],"pre-training":[125],"methods.":[126],"Our":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"no":[130],"strong":[131],"evidence":[132],"CTC-based":[137],"systems,":[139],"even":[140,170],"largest":[143],"dataset":[145],"experiments.":[148],"make":[151],"surprising":[153],"finding":[154],"when":[156,171],"encoder":[159],"is":[160,176],"jointly":[161],"AED":[165],"loss,":[166],"emerges,":[169],"only":[172],"component":[175],"used":[177],"decoding.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
