{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408354840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897","title":"Explaining Speaker and Spoof Embeddings via Probing","display_name":"Explaining Speaker and Spoof Embeddings via Probing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408354840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014303571","display_name":"Xuechen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1207-5651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuechen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics,Tokyo,Japan,101-8430"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics,Tokyo,Japan,101-8430","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007639385","display_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics,Tokyo,Japan,101-8430"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics,Tokyo,Japan,101-8430","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079693142","display_name":"Md Sahidullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-2903"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sahidullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advancing Intelligence, TCG CREST,Kolkata,India,700791"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advancing Intelligence, TCG CREST,Kolkata,India,700791","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043168931","display_name":"Tomi Kinnunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomi Kinnunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland,Joensuu,Finland,FI-80100"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland,Joensuu,Finland,FI-80100","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02724855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9506000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9386000037193298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6994571089744568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6994571089744568}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964960762","https://openalex.org/W2079623482","https://openalex.org/W2170655593","https://openalex.org/W2191779130","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2748318213","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2972403660","https://openalex.org/W3024869864","https://openalex.org/W3098557217","https://openalex.org/W3128666957","https://openalex.org/W3137249133","https://openalex.org/W3163596559","https://openalex.org/W3201773091","https://openalex.org/W3203575608","https://openalex.org/W4221162965","https://openalex.org/W4293363567","https://openalex.org/W4296068436","https://openalex.org/W4297841768","https://openalex.org/W4385823342","https://openalex.org/W4391250897","https://openalex.org/W4402111459","https://openalex.org/W4402111665","https://openalex.org/W4402111679","https://openalex.org/W6600367688","https://openalex.org/W6626195262","https://openalex.org/W6728271538","https://openalex.org/W6772349387","https://openalex.org/W6796730497","https://openalex.org/W6799854493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,86,116,126],"explainability":[4],"of":[5,109],"embedding":[6,32],"representations,":[7],"specifically":[8],"those":[9],"used":[10],"in":[11,30],"modern":[12],"audio":[13],"spoofing":[14,117],"detection":[15],"systems":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18,27,85],"deep":[19],"neural":[20,47],"networks,":[21],"known":[22],"as":[23,55,60],"spoof":[24,39,53,94],"embeddings.":[25],"Building":[26],"established":[28],"work":[29],"speaker":[31,51],"explainability,":[33],"we":[34],"examine":[35],"how":[36],"well":[37],"these":[38,121],"embeddings":[40,54,95],"capture":[41],"speaker-related":[42,58],"information.":[43],"We":[44],"train":[45],"simple":[46],"classifiers":[48],"using":[49],"either":[50],"or":[52],"input,":[56],"with":[57],"attributes":[59,64],"target":[61],"labels.":[62],"These":[63],"are":[65],"categorized":[66],"into":[67],"two":[68],"groups:":[69],"metadata-based":[70],"traits":[71,77],"(e.g.,":[72,78],"gender,":[73,101],"age)":[74],"and":[75,105,111],"acoustic":[76],"fundamental":[79],"frequency,":[80],"speaking":[81,102,112],"rate).":[82],"Our":[83],"experiments":[84],"ASVspoof":[87],"2019":[88],"LA":[89],"evaluation":[90],"set":[91],"demonstrate":[92],"that":[93,115],"preserve":[96],"several":[97],"key":[98],"traits,":[99,122],"including":[100],"rate,":[103],"F0,":[104],"duration.":[106],"Further":[107],"analysis":[108],"gender":[110],"rate":[113],"indicates":[114],"detector":[118],"partially":[119],"preserves":[120],"potentially":[123],"to":[124],"ensure":[125],"decision":[127],"process":[128],"remains":[129],"robust":[130],"against":[131],"them.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
