{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375868996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180","title":"Sora: Scalable Black-Box Reachability Analyser on Neural Networks","display_name":"Sora: Scalable Black-Box Reachability Analyser on Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375868996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028614556","display_name":"Peipei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-3820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peipei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool,UK","University of Liverpool, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101980873","display_name":"Fu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1753-1436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter,UK","University of Exeter, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074225885","display_name":"Wenjie Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-8738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter,UK","University of Exeter, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458165","display_name":"Chi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-857X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter,UK","University of Exeter, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020085889","display_name":"Xiaowei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-0366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool,UK","University of Liverpool, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028614556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74415692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.948199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8350583910942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8205242156982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.6820997595787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6133444309234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6045110821723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.6003462076187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5395845770835876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipschitz-continuity","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","score":0.4559538662433624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4413680136203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3631013035774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3053015470504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21426886320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06526976823806763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8350583910942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8205242156982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.6820997595787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6133444309234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6045110821723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.6003462076187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5395845770835876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22324862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652707","display_name":"Lipschitz continuity","level":2,"score":0.4559538662433624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4413680136203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3631013035774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3053015470504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21426886320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06526976823806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10097180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:discovery.dundee.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/cef1cec8-92d1-43a1-92a2-3282e47c3285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/cef1cec8-92d1-43a1-92a2-3282e47c3285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400523","display_name":"Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","host_organization_name":"University of Dundee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xu, P, Wang, F, Ruan, W, Zhang, C & Huang, X 2023, Sora : Scalable Black-Box Reachability Analyser on Neural Networks. in ICASSP 2023 : 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Greece, 4/06/23. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP49357.2023.10097180","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G849311619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T026995/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2005314985","https://openalex.org/W2087831814","https://openalex.org/W2113741278","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2618235498","https://openalex.org/W2760733685","https://openalex.org/W2777417342","https://openalex.org/W2786163515","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2800473699","https://openalex.org/W2890472662","https://openalex.org/W2891698621","https://openalex.org/W2900153411","https://openalex.org/W2963208512","https://openalex.org/W2963440492","https://openalex.org/W2963496101","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963998105","https://openalex.org/W3036286896","https://openalex.org/W3106795520","https://openalex.org/W3135693135","https://openalex.org/W4254041323","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4307911261","https://openalex.org/W4308112546","https://openalex.org/W4327652727","https://openalex.org/W4327653025","https://openalex.org/W4382318116","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6729243212","https://openalex.org/W6734921443","https://openalex.org/W6738369334","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6745094425","https://openalex.org/W6746964556","https://openalex.org/W6748277150","https://openalex.org/W6750745550","https://openalex.org/W6754543342","https://openalex.org/W6754619240","https://openalex.org/W6765694979","https://openalex.org/W6780475912","https://openalex.org/W6785965639","https://openalex.org/W6791155269","https://openalex.org/W6839045361","https://openalex.org/W6841671822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300000045","https://openalex.org/W2952313066","https://openalex.org/W2526749411","https://openalex.org/W4312822655","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W4312601715","https://openalex.org/W4298185893","https://openalex.org/W3157170264","https://openalex.org/W2896078964","https://openalex.org/W4281399026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"vulnerability":[1],"of":[2,20,53,62,77,93,115,137,157,162],"deep":[3,71,146,151],"neural":[4,63,147],"networks":[5,68],"(DNNs)":[6],"to":[7,111,127],"input":[8],"perturbations":[9],"has":[10,101],"posed":[11],"a":[12,44,59,74,96,119,145,154],"significant":[13],"challenge.":[14],"Recent":[15],"work":[16,57],"on":[17,31,58,84],"robustness":[18],"verification":[19,129],"DNNs":[21,94],"not":[22,108],"only":[23],"lacks":[24],"scalability":[25],"but":[26],"also":[27],"requires":[28],"severe":[29],"restrictions":[30],"the":[32,85,90,112,116],"architecture":[33],"(layers,":[34],"activation":[35,81,164],"functions,":[36],"etc.).":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"these":[40],"limitations,":[41],"we":[42],"propose":[43],"novel":[45,97],"framework,":[46],"SORA,":[47],"for":[48],"scalable":[49],"blackbox":[50],"reachability":[51,91],"analysis":[52],"DNNs.":[54],"SORA":[55,88,131],"can":[56],"broad":[60],"class":[61],"network":[64,148],"structures,":[65],"including":[66],"those":[67],"with":[69,79,95,149,159],"very":[70,150],"layers":[72,152],"and":[73,100,140,153],"huge":[75],"number":[76,156],"neurons":[78,158],"nonlinear":[80,163],"functions.":[82,165],"Based":[83],"Lipschitz":[86],"continuity,":[87],"verifies":[89],"property":[92],"optimisation":[98],"algorithm":[99],"global":[102],"convergence":[103],"guarantee.":[104],"Our":[105],"method":[106],"does":[107],"require":[109],"access":[110],"inner":[113],"structures":[114],"DNNs,":[117],"hence":[118],"black-box":[120],"method.":[121],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that,":[125],"compared":[126],"existing":[128],"methods,":[130],"shows":[132],"superior":[133],"performance":[134],"in":[135],"terms":[136],"both":[138],"efficiency":[139],"scalability,":[141],"especially":[142],"when":[143],"handling":[144],"large":[155],"various":[160],"types":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}