{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4372265413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931","title":"This Changes to That : Combining Causal and Non-Causal Explanations to Generate Disease Progression in Capsule Endoscopy","display_name":"This Changes to That : Combining Causal and Non-Causal Explanations to Generate Disease Progression in Capsule Endoscopy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4372265413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1888154","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063755742","display_name":"Anuja Vats","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-2367"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anuja Vats","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071175125","display_name":"Ahmed Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-3614"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088359880","display_name":"Marius Pedersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-5821"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Pedersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTNU,Department of Computer Science,Gjøvik,Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035835846","display_name":"Nirmalie Wiratunga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-2496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirmalie Wiratunga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,Scotland","School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063755742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80533185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11378","display_name":"Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6728183031082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.6500530242919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capsule-endoscopy","display_name":"Capsule endoscopy","score":0.5744173526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5721696019172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5244917273521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49984025955200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.46620380878448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4654370844364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.4292515516281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3157990276813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10883668065071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08629903197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.07816827297210693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6728183031082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.6500530242919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777333622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116753","display_name":"Capsule endoscopy","level":2,"score":0.5744173526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5721696019172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5244917273521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49984025955200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.46620380878448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4654370844364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.4292515516281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3157990276813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10883668065071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08629903197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.07816827297210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096931","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:1888154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1888154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:1888154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1888154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2809283485","https://openalex.org/W2953073956","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2963420481","https://openalex.org/W2966362896","https://openalex.org/W2969880113","https://openalex.org/W2979200397","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3085543735","https://openalex.org/W3086667591","https://openalex.org/W3164631742","https://openalex.org/W3177221875","https://openalex.org/W3180392870","https://openalex.org/W4246855866","https://openalex.org/W4282813524","https://openalex.org/W4293768783","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W4296613094","https://openalex.org/W6681608319","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6754669440","https://openalex.org/W6761184903","https://openalex.org/W6839176200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107204728","https://openalex.org/W4287591324","https://openalex.org/W3108503355","https://openalex.org/W4226420367","https://openalex.org/W2962876041","https://openalex.org/W3090555870","https://openalex.org/W3022820045","https://openalex.org/W2801655600","https://openalex.org/W3005627584","https://openalex.org/W4303493643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,124],"need":[1],"to":[2,13,59,80,117],"understand":[3],"the":[4,42,48,93,107,111,119,134],"decision-making":[5],"mechanisms":[6],"of":[7,27,95,121],"deep":[8],"learning":[9],"networks":[10],"has":[11],"led":[12],"a":[14,55,66,96],"growing":[15],"effort":[16],"in":[17,92],"exploring":[18],"both":[19,26,75],"modal-dependent":[20],"and":[21,52,77,106],"model-agnostic":[22],"research":[23],"methods.":[24],"Although":[25],"these":[28],"ideas":[29],"provide":[30],"transparency":[31],"for":[32],"automated":[33],"decision":[34],"making,":[35],"most":[36],"methodologies":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39,133],"either":[40],"using":[41],"modal-gradients":[43],"(model-":[44],"dependent)":[45],"or":[46],"ignoring":[47],"model":[49],"internal":[50],"states":[51],"reasoning":[53],"with":[54],"model's":[56],"behavior/outcome":[57],"(model-agnostic)":[58],"instances.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"unified":[67],"explanation":[68,83],"approach":[69,130],"that":[70],"given":[71],"an":[72,82],"instance":[73],"combines":[74],"model-dependent":[76],"agnostic":[78],"explanations":[79,87],"produce":[81],"set.":[84],"generated":[86,127],"are":[88,131],"not":[89],"only":[90],"consistent":[91],"neighborhood":[94],"sample":[97],"but":[98],"can":[99],"highlight":[100],"causal":[101],"relationships":[102],"between":[103],"image":[104],"content":[105],"outcome.":[108],"We":[109],"use":[110],"Wireless":[112],"Capsule":[113],"Endoscopy":[114],"(WCE)":[115],"domain":[116],"illustrate":[118],"effectiveness":[120],"our":[122,129],"explanations.":[123],"saliency":[125],"maps":[126],"by":[128],"competitive":[132],"softmax":[135],"information":[136],"score.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}