{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225308903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203","title":"WordMarkov: A New Password Probability Model of Semantics","display_name":"WordMarkov: A New Password Probability Model of Semantics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225308903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607702","display_name":"ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7844859","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072300837","display_name":"Jiahong Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073639015","display_name":"Haibo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110760382","display_name":"Rong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-3531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338689","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-2079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001485404","display_name":"Kaitai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82618639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3034","last_page":"3038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12553","display_name":"Psychedelics and Drug Studies","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9471805691719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7946457862854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.6371663808822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6031529903411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.5818484425544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4917054772377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4749296307563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.43563467264175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.3988710045814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12965723872184753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10408410429954529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9471805691719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7946457862854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.6371663808822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6031529903411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.5818484425544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4917054772377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4749296307563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.43563467264175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.3988710045814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12965723872184753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10408410429954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607702","display_name":"ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7844859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7844859","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7844859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:0ad519c7-759c-4f9a-83ea-3cbd5b8edeec","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0ad519c7-759c-4f9a-83ea-3cbd5b8edeec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7844859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7844859","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7844859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225308903.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167157979","https://openalex.org/W1501932514","https://openalex.org/W1554853440","https://openalex.org/W2007488200","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2022580268","https://openalex.org/W2086553822","https://openalex.org/W2093397575","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2149929743","https://openalex.org/W2157151879","https://openalex.org/W2463456957","https://openalex.org/W2534419286","https://openalex.org/W2962983989","https://openalex.org/W2982664727","https://openalex.org/W3035773903","https://openalex.org/W3162121909","https://openalex.org/W6606842148","https://openalex.org/W6719406283","https://openalex.org/W6728439882","https://openalex.org/W6766395963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W2949495265","https://openalex.org/W3088784215","https://openalex.org/W2021087413","https://openalex.org/W85711018","https://openalex.org/W2400890210","https://openalex.org/W4361801999","https://openalex.org/W1970072309","https://openalex.org/W2041719818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"date":[1],"there":[2],"are":[3],"few":[4],"researches":[5],"on":[6,37,65,93],"the":[7,21,50,78,97],"semantic":[8,34,51,100],"information":[9,35],"of":[10,53,99],"passwords,":[11,95],"which":[12],"leaves":[13],"a":[14,28],"gap":[15],"preventing":[16],"us":[17],"from":[18],"fully":[19],"understanding":[20],"passwords":[22],"characteristic":[23],"and":[24,43,69],"security.":[25],"We":[26],"propose":[27],"new":[29],"password":[30,54,62,80],"probability":[31,81],"model":[32],"for":[33],"based":[36],"Markov":[38],"Chain":[39],"with":[40],"both":[41],"generalization":[42],"accuracy,":[44],"called":[45],"WordMarkov,":[46],"that":[47,72,87],"can":[48],"capture":[49],"essence":[52],"samples.":[55],"Further,":[56],"we":[57,70],"evaluate":[58],"our":[59],"design":[60],"via":[61],"guessing":[63],"attacks,":[64],"six":[66],"real-world":[67],"datasets,":[68],"show":[71],"WordMarkov":[73,88],"obtains":[74],"24.29%\u201367.37%":[75],"improvement":[76,92],"over":[77],"state-of-the-art":[79],"models.":[82],"Even":[83],"more":[84],"surprising":[85],"is":[86],"achieves":[89],"75.35%\u201396.34%":[90],"attack":[91],"\"long\"":[94],"indicating":[96],"importance":[98],"parts":[101],"in":[102],"long":[103],"passwords.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
