{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015369136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","title":"Underwater Tracking Based on the Sum-Product Algorithm Enhanced by a Neural Network Detections Classifier","display_name":"Underwater Tracking Based on the Sum-Product Algorithm Enhanced by a Neural Network Detections Classifier","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015369136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","mag":"3015369136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027169731","display_name":"Giovanni Soldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4426-7850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Soldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038180073","display_name":"Domenico Gaglione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7401-1659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Gaglione","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024150653","display_name":"Giovanni De Magistris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-0884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni De Magistris","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042374975","display_name":"Paolo Braca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-4373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Braca","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013286185","display_name":"Pietro Stinco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-4487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Stinco","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023703382","display_name":"Gabriele Ferri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-193X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Ferri","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073084319","display_name":"Alessandra Tese\u00ef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5733-0444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Tesei","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060900071","display_name":"Kevin Le Page","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Le Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE,La Spezia,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO-CMRE, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027169731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72338459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5460","last_page":"5464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7699925303459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6985014081001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.686127781867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-mammals-and-sonar","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","score":0.6118450164794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6026817560195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.5403172969818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5309333801269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5097784399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4975874722003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4768606126308441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4526425004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3925769627094269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3573732376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3460009694099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3183330297470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07487580180168152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7699925303459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6985014081001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.686127781867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137184094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764300","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","level":3,"score":0.6118450164794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6026817560195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.5403172969818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5309333801269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5097784399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4975874722003937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4768606126308441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4526425004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3925769627094269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3573732376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3460009694099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3183330297470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07487580180168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34992941","https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097376436","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2141527672","https://openalex.org/W2156019871","https://openalex.org/W2157316965","https://openalex.org/W2163599171","https://openalex.org/W2511568459","https://openalex.org/W2724476264","https://openalex.org/W2786070790","https://openalex.org/W2901958786","https://openalex.org/W2945747947","https://openalex.org/W3002942490","https://openalex.org/W3104150103","https://openalex.org/W3133603318","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392611223","https://openalex.org/W1990764576","https://openalex.org/W2049105424","https://openalex.org/W2362175816","https://openalex.org/W2187345479","https://openalex.org/W2016800904","https://openalex.org/W1973796368","https://openalex.org/W4285109196","https://openalex.org/W3003593517","https://openalex.org/W3197465599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"necessity":[1],"of":[2,38,84],"long-range":[3],"underwater":[4,98],"surveillance":[5],"has":[6],"strongly":[7],"increased":[8],"in":[9,25,91,95],"the":[10,44,64,69,79,85],"last":[11],"decades,":[12],"and":[13,50,94],"low-frequency":[14],"active":[15],"sonar":[16],"(LFAS)":[17],"systems":[18],"seem":[19],"to":[20,46],"fulfill":[21],"this":[22,42],"need.":[23],"However,":[24],"littoral":[26],"environments":[27],"with":[28],"shallow":[29],"water":[30],"LFAS":[31,80],"may":[32],"suffer":[33],"from":[34],"an":[35],"elevate":[36],"number":[37],"false":[39],"alarms.":[40],"In":[41],"context,":[43],"capability":[45],"distinguish":[47],"between":[48],"object-generated":[49],"clutter-generated":[51],"detections":[52],"is":[53,88],"crucial.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"describes":[57],"a":[58,73,92,96],"multiobject":[59],"tracking":[60],"framework":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63],"sum-product":[65],"algorithm":[66],"that":[67,77],"exploits":[68],"information":[70],"provided":[71],"by":[72],"convolutional":[74],"neural":[75],"network":[76],"classifies":[78],"detections.":[81],"effectiveness":[83],"proposed":[86],"approach":[87],"demonstrated":[89],"both":[90],"simulated":[93],"real":[97],"scenario.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
