{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964264016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","title":"Understanding Recurrent Neural State Using Memory Signatures","display_name":"Understanding Recurrent Neural State Using Memory Signatures","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964264016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","mag":"2964264016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035812263","display_name":"Skanda Koppula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5397-1854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Skanda Koppula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032798707","display_name":"Khe Chai Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khe Chai Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058000820","display_name":"K. K. Chin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kean Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57092323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2396","last_page":"2400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8277080059051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.8059581518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme","display_name":"Grapheme","score":0.6940141320228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5441270470619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5067532658576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.4883696436882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.47684919834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4730699956417084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.470614492893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4506247341632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.4269407391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3565775156021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3550204932689667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32698336243629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.149215966463089}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8277080059051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.8059581518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.6940141320228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5441270470619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5067532658576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4883696436882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.47684919834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4730699956417084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.470614492893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4506247341632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4269407391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3565775156021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3550204932689667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32698336243629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.149215966463089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462652","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601924930","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1847088711","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1855892484","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W1951216520","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2063473970","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2106100979","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2158373110","https://openalex.org/W2163296488","https://openalex.org/W2288977568","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2428136159","https://openalex.org/W2508162385","https://openalex.org/W2524876730","https://openalex.org/W2587529872","https://openalex.org/W2605133364","https://openalex.org/W2616209507","https://openalex.org/W2626298162","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2750322757","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963824800","https://openalex.org/W2964045325","https://openalex.org/W6638824847","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6713098461","https://openalex.org/W6739055277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2506515307","https://openalex.org/W2060656088","https://openalex.org/W4385893898","https://openalex.org/W4285757703","https://openalex.org/W2383836440","https://openalex.org/W2610662399","https://openalex.org/W2509341624","https://openalex.org/W2057468170","https://openalex.org/W2495256954","https://openalex.org/W2259317772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,85],"demonstrate":[1,86],"a":[2,70,74],"network":[3,25],"visualization":[4],"technique":[5],"to":[6,38],"analyze":[7],"the":[8,12,77,95,102,106,121],"recurrent":[9,49,78,98,111],"state":[10,23,50],"inside":[11,27,48],"LSTMs/GRUs":[13],"used":[14],"commonly":[15],"in":[16,51,90,94,120],"language":[17,112],"and":[18,24,43,110,114],"acoustic":[19],"models.":[20,54],"Interpreting":[21],"intermediate":[22],"activations":[26],"end-to-end":[28,125],"models":[29],"remains":[30],"an":[31],"open":[32],"challenge.":[33],"Our":[34,55],"method":[35],"allows":[36],"users":[37],"understand":[39],"exactly":[40],"how":[41],"much":[42],"what":[44],"history":[45,118],"is":[46],"encoded":[47,119],"grapheme":[52],"sequence":[53],"procedure":[56],"trains":[57],"multiple":[58],"decoders":[59],"that":[60,80],"predict":[61],"prior":[62],"input":[63],"history.":[64],"Compiling":[65],"results":[66],"from":[67],"these":[68],"decoders,":[69],"user":[71],"can":[72],"obtain":[73],"signature":[75],"of":[76,97,108,117,123],"kernel":[79],"characterizes":[81],"its":[82],"memory":[83,107],"behavior.":[84],"this":[87],"method's":[88],"usefulness":[89],"revealing":[91],"information":[92],"divergence":[93],"bases":[96],"factorized":[99],"kernels,":[100],"visualizing":[101],"character-level":[103],"differences":[104],"between":[105],"n-gram":[109],"models,":[113],"extracting":[115],"knowledge":[116],"layers":[122],"grapheme-based":[124],"ASR":[126],"networks.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}