{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2773134482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","title":"No Need for a Lexicon? Evaluating the Value of the Pronunciation Lexica in End-to-End Models","display_name":"No Need for a Lexicon? Evaluating the Value of the Pronunciation Lexica in End-to-End Models","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2773134482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","mag":"2773134482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01864","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070513394","display_name":"Tara N. Sainath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4126-6556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tara N. Sainath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032640894","display_name":"Rohit Prabhavalkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-6058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Prabhavalkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101051347","display_name":"Shankar Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shankar Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006601657","display_name":"Seungji Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-9822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungji Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023098355","display_name":"Anjuli Kannan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjuli Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050133412","display_name":"David Rybach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Rybach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080091001","display_name":"Vlad Schogol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlad Schogol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111455517","display_name":"Patrick Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374448","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-3603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010253402","display_name":"Yonghui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100715424","display_name":"Zhifeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8631-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027763497","display_name":"Chung\u2010Cheng Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Cheng Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070513394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00743857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5859","last_page":"5863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.8928136825561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme","display_name":"Grapheme","score":0.8633322715759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8191714882850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.6750413775444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6057395935058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5714305639266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5596745610237122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5055229663848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.49987316131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.49657517671585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4557974934577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4406062960624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19005176424980164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.8928136825561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.8633322715759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8191714882850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.6750413775444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6057395935058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5714305639266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5596745610237122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5055229663848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.49987316131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.49657517671585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4557974934577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4406062960624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19005176424980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8462380","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1712.01864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01864","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2773134482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.01864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.01864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1712.01864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01864","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2773134482.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2773134482.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W1974974326","https://openalex.org/W2050526637","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2515439472","https://openalex.org/W2577366047","https://openalex.org/W2617258110","https://openalex.org/W2749514303","https://openalex.org/W2775304348","https://openalex.org/W6623517193","https://openalex.org/W6629052376","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631740672","https://openalex.org/W6639156005","https://openalex.org/W6677509779","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6682921536","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6735893656","https://openalex.org/W6743440867","https://openalex.org/W6744661987","https://openalex.org/W6746405711","https://openalex.org/W6746574493","https://openalex.org/W6747398299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964107261","https://openalex.org/W3094099403","https://openalex.org/W1532011044","https://openalex.org/W1510837697","https://openalex.org/W2131154411","https://openalex.org/W3150435369","https://openalex.org/W3119673337","https://openalex.org/W2404552386","https://openalex.org/W122441084","https://openalex.org/W199152779","https://openalex.org/W2331640207","https://openalex.org/W2766568248","https://openalex.org/W3159287590","https://openalex.org/W3155483372","https://openalex.org/W2952862739","https://openalex.org/W3037140546","https://openalex.org/W2294752925","https://openalex.org/W2981736866","https://openalex.org/W1585295393","https://openalex.org/W3166675842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"decades,":[1],"context-dependent":[2],"phonemes":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5,75],"the":[6,51,57,86,93,102,108,112,130,137,185,191],"dominant":[7],"sub-word":[8,83],"unit":[9],"for":[10,59,193],"conventional":[11],"acoustic":[12],"modeling":[13,88],"systems.":[14],"This":[15],"status":[16],"quo":[17],"has":[18,74],"begun":[19],"to":[20,29,65,70,90,101],"be":[21],"challenged":[22],"recently":[23],"by":[24],"end-to-end":[25,87,140,145],"models":[26],"which":[27,44,125,147,181],"seek":[28],"combine":[30],"acoustic,":[31],"pronunciation,":[32],"and":[33,173],"language":[34],"model":[35],"components":[36,114],"into":[37],"a":[38,60,154,177],"single":[39],"neural":[40],"network.":[41],"Such":[42],"systems,":[43],"typically":[45],"predict":[46],"graphemes":[47,164],"or":[48,106],"words,":[49],"simplify":[50],"recognition":[52],"process":[53],"since":[54],"they":[55],"remove":[56],"need":[58],"separate":[61],"expert-curated":[62],"pronunciation":[63,134],"lexicon":[64],"map":[66],"from":[67,95,107],"phoneme-based":[68,80,133,144,174],"units":[69,84],"words.":[71],"However,":[72],"there":[73],"little":[76],"previous":[77],"work":[78],"comparing":[79],"versus":[81],"grapheme-based":[82,116,151],"in":[85,136],"framework,":[89],"determine":[91],"whether":[92],"gains":[94],"such":[96],"approaches":[97,175],"are":[98,126,148],"primarily":[99],"due":[100],"new":[103],"probabilistic":[104],"model,":[105],"joint":[109],"learning":[110],"of":[111,132,139,187],"various":[113],"with":[115],"units.":[117],"In":[118],"this":[119],"work,":[120],"we":[121,161],"conduct":[122],"detailed":[123],"experiments":[124],"aimed":[127],"at":[128],"quantifying":[129],"value":[131],"lexica":[135],"context":[138],"models.":[141],"We":[142,169],"examine":[143],"models,":[146],"contrasted":[149],"against":[150],"ones":[152],"on":[153,176],"large":[155],"vocabulary":[156],"English":[157,179],"Voice-search":[158],"task,":[159,180],"where":[160],"find":[162],"that":[163],"do":[165],"indeed":[166],"outperform":[167],"phonemes.":[168],"also":[170],"compare":[171],"grapheme":[172],"multi-dialect":[178],"once":[182],"again":[183],"confirm":[184],"superiority":[186],"graphemes,":[188],"greatly":[189],"simplifying":[190],"system":[192],"recognizing":[194],"multiple":[195],"dialects.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
