{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2689696018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","title":"Constructing sub-word units for spoken term detection","display_name":"Constructing sub-word units for spoken term detection","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2689696018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","mag":"2689696018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050954463","display_name":"Charl van Heerden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-2147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charl van Heerden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multilingual Speech Technologies, North-West University, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multilingual Speech Technologies, North-West University, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054865609","display_name":"Damianos Karakos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damianos Karakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025205227","display_name":"Karthik Narasimhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Narasimhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSAIL, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSAIL, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019780560","display_name":"Marelie H. Davel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3103-5858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marelie Davel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multilingual Speech Technologies, North-West University, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multilingual Speech Technologies, North-West University, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089653752","display_name":"Richard Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4654-624X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8382741212844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morpheme","display_name":"Morpheme","score":0.7520018815994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syllable","display_name":"Syllable","score":0.7359036207199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.7179341912269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6822707653045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6366609334945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5714436173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5368763208389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5243161916732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13947170972824097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382741212844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.7520018815994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.7359036207199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.7179341912269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6822707653045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6366609334945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5714436173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5368763208389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5243161916732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13947170972824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7953264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/26442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/26442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Presentation"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81527949","https://openalex.org/W114193738","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1565198967","https://openalex.org/W1607149136","https://openalex.org/W1839584883","https://openalex.org/W2000654171","https://openalex.org/W2015688877","https://openalex.org/W2028148926","https://openalex.org/W2052274902","https://openalex.org/W2056346282","https://openalex.org/W2111338354","https://openalex.org/W2111955662","https://openalex.org/W2121879602","https://openalex.org/W2140281218","https://openalex.org/W2296590378","https://openalex.org/W2314622687","https://openalex.org/W2346853751","https://openalex.org/W2396672644","https://openalex.org/W2397766809","https://openalex.org/W2398829910","https://openalex.org/W2404324365","https://openalex.org/W2579873589","https://openalex.org/W2627210678","https://openalex.org/W2671812860","https://openalex.org/W6604666349","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6712271494","https://openalex.org/W6712476315","https://openalex.org/W6712947553","https://openalex.org/W6713667583","https://openalex.org/W6732226411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4289013130","https://openalex.org/W4241414757","https://openalex.org/W2383186719","https://openalex.org/W4283366759","https://openalex.org/W4206127412","https://openalex.org/W3103292258","https://openalex.org/W2303278641","https://openalex.org/W1976202496","https://openalex.org/W2804834343","https://openalex.org/W1997182898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spoken":[0],"term":[1],"detection,":[2],"especially":[3],"of":[4,12,36,47,52],"out-of-vocabulary":[5],"(OOV)":[6],"keywords,":[7],"benefits":[8],"from":[9,62],"the":[10,34,45,59,63],"use":[11],"sub-word":[13,22],"systems.":[14],"We":[15],"experiment":[16],"with":[17],"different":[18],"language-independent":[19],"approaches":[20],"to":[21],"unit":[23,53],"generation,":[24],"generating":[25],"both":[26],"syllable-like":[27,37],"and":[28,31],"morpheme-like":[29],"units,":[30],"demonstrate":[32],"how":[33],"performance":[35],"units":[38],"can":[39],"be":[40],"improved":[41],"by":[42],"artificially":[43],"increasing":[44],"number":[46],"unique":[48],"units.":[49],"The":[50],"effect":[51],"choice":[54],"is":[55],"empirically":[56],"evaluated":[57],"using":[58],"eight":[60],"languages":[61],"2016":[64],"IARPA":[65],"BABEL":[66],"evaluation.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
