{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020607164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","title":"An auto-encoder based approach to unsupervised learning of subword units","display_name":"An auto-encoder based approach to unsupervised learning of subword units","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020607164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","mag":"2020607164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063165262","display_name":"Leonardo Badino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7037-5914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30771326","display_name":"Italian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042t93s57","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Badino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071570611","display_name":"Claudia Canevari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30771326","display_name":"Italian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042t93s57","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Canevari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057942643","display_name":"Luciano Fadiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-5080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30771326","display_name":"Italian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042t93s57","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Fadiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040165597","display_name":"Metta Giorgio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30771326","display_name":"Italian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042t93s57","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Metta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. Italiano di Tecnol. Genova, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96619625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7634","last_page":"7638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8351358771324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6707763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6356258392333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5901941657066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5746498107910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.5718091130256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5629369020462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4900132715702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.48536837100982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4768313467502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4581114649772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.438601553440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.1934392750263214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07240194082260132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8351358771324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6707763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6356258392333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5901941657066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5746498107910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.5718091130256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5629369020462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4900132715702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.48536837100982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4768313467502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4581114649772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.438601553440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.1934392750263214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07240194082260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6855085","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unife.it:11392/2496929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2496929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400369","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","host_organization_name":"University of Ferrara","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sfera.unife.it:11392/2496929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6855085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400369","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","host_organization_name":"University of Ferrara","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964917299","https://openalex.org/W2010800472","https://openalex.org/W2035424729","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2099415988","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100768664","https://openalex.org/W2107789863","https://openalex.org/W2117041980","https://openalex.org/W2118858186","https://openalex.org/W2123237149","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2167655920","https://openalex.org/W2401464865","https://openalex.org/W2619993508","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3127686677","https://openalex.org/W6675022971","https://openalex.org/W6676071220","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6789826613","https://openalex.org/W7011707065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W4386815338","https://openalex.org/W2145836866","https://openalex.org/W2803255133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,36],"paper":[2],"we":[3,65],"propose":[4],"an":[5],"auto":[6,24,29,50],"encoder-based":[7],"method":[8,74],"for":[9,35],"the":[10,42,67,72],"unsupervised":[11],"identification":[12],"of":[13,23,45,78,96,101,105],"subword":[14,68,99],"units.":[15],"We":[16,38],"experiment":[17],"with":[18],"different":[19,102],"types":[20],"and":[21,93,117],"architectures":[22],"encoders":[25,51],"to":[26,90],"assess":[27],"what":[28],"encoder":[30],"properties":[31],"are":[32],"most":[33],"important":[34],"task.":[37,63],"first":[39],"show":[40],"that":[41],"encoded":[43],"representation":[44],"speech":[46],"produced":[47,70],"by":[48,71],"standard":[49],"is":[52,112],"more":[53],"effective":[54],"than":[55],"Gaussian":[56],"posteriorgrams":[57],"in":[58,76,81,94],"a":[59,82,106],"spoken":[60],"query":[61],"classification":[62,79,84],"Finally":[64],"evaluate":[66],"inventories":[69],"proposed":[73],"both":[75],"terms":[77,95],"accuracy":[80],"word":[83,103,108],"task":[85],"(with":[86],"lexicon":[87],"size":[88],"up":[89],"263":[91],"words)":[92],"consistency":[97],"between":[98],"transcription":[100],"examples":[104],"same":[107],"type.":[109],"The":[110],"evaluation":[111],"carried":[113],"out":[114],"on":[115],"Italian":[116],"American":[118],"English":[119],"datasets.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}