{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038116248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","title":"Code switch language modeling with Functional Head Constraint","display_name":"Code switch language modeling with Functional Head Constraint","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038116248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","mag":"2038116248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414175","display_name":"Ying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-7460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","[Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Hong Kong, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Hong Kong, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019636504","display_name":"Pascale Fung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascale Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","[Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Hong Kong, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Hong Kong, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4913","last_page":"4917"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8400450944900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6970300078392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6706948280334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5861326456069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5447763204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5164015889167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.47036027908325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.45865297317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4496963620185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4373200535774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08019223809242249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8400450944900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6970300078392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6706948280334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5861326456069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5447763204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5164015889167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.47036027908325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.45865297317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4496963620185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4373200535774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08019223809242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854536","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-64229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000343655304188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17500809","https://openalex.org/W44716798","https://openalex.org/W87424008","https://openalex.org/W104360363","https://openalex.org/W761725120","https://openalex.org/W1549308892","https://openalex.org/W2034585809","https://openalex.org/W2080550848","https://openalex.org/W2087099129","https://openalex.org/W2099808146","https://openalex.org/W2109461733","https://openalex.org/W2114569717","https://openalex.org/W2122442817","https://openalex.org/W2123162330","https://openalex.org/W2153433699","https://openalex.org/W2396205131","https://openalex.org/W3149829789","https://openalex.org/W4236564204","https://openalex.org/W6603544574","https://openalex.org/W6604326787","https://openalex.org/W6622259991","https://openalex.org/W7011040486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594897229","https://openalex.org/W2151348424","https://openalex.org/W4221142855","https://openalex.org/W2050138804","https://openalex.org/W4290708361","https://openalex.org/W2129812225","https://openalex.org/W26527944","https://openalex.org/W2523799048","https://openalex.org/W2155620340","https://openalex.org/W2944691285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,147],"this":[1,27],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"for":[5,23,153],"the":[6,11,34,51,70,111,118,132,139,155,159],"first":[7,49,112,133],"time":[8],"to":[9,63,66],"incorporate":[10],"linguistically":[12],"well-known":[13],"Functional":[14,71],"Head":[15,72],"Constraint":[16],"into":[17],"a":[18,55,102],"code":[19,29,42,82],"switch":[20,30,83],"language":[21,44,105,127,157],"model":[22,45,106,128],"speech":[24,84,88],"recognition.":[25,93],"Under":[26],"constraint,":[28],"cannot":[31],"occur":[32],"between":[33],"functional":[35],"head":[36],"and":[37,58,90,114,135,158],"its":[38],"complements.":[39],"The":[40],"constrained":[41],"switching":[43],"is":[46],"obtained":[47],"by":[48,107,115,129,136],"expanding":[50],"search":[52],"network":[53],"with":[54],"translation":[56],"model;":[57],"then":[59],"using":[60],"lattice-based":[61],"parsing":[62],"restrict":[64],"paths":[65],"those":[67],"permissible":[68],"under":[69],"Constraint.":[73],"We":[74],"tested":[75],"our":[76,149],"system":[77,95],"on":[78],"two":[79],"tasks":[80],"of":[81],"recognition,":[85],"namely":[86],"lecture":[87],"recognition":[89],"lunch":[91],"conversation":[92],"Our":[94],"reduces":[96,122,151],"word":[97],"error":[98],"rates":[99],"(WER)":[100],"from":[101,124],"baseline":[103],"mixed":[104],"3.72%":[108],"relative":[109],"in":[110,117,131,138],"task;":[113,134],"5.85%":[116],"second":[119,140],"task.":[120,141],"It":[121],"WER":[123,152],"an":[125],"interpolated":[126],"2.51%":[130],"4.57%":[137],"All":[142],"results":[143],"are":[144],"statistically":[145],"significant.":[146],"addition,":[148],"method":[150],"both":[154],"matrix":[156],"embedded":[160],"language.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
