{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986316091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","title":"Automatic detection of expressed emotion in Parkinson's Disease","display_name":"Automatic detection of expressed emotion in Parkinson's Disease","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986316091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","mag":"1986316091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027757795","display_name":"Shunan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056256317","display_name":"Frank Rudzicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-3423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Rudzicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065192087","display_name":"Leonardo G. Carvalho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo G. Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076448226","display_name":"C\u00e9sar M\u00e1rquez-Chin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-4122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesar Marquez-Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada","Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034214374","display_name":"Steven R. Livingstone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6364-6410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Livingstone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada","Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4813","last_page":"4817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosody","display_name":"Prosody","score":0.7612321376800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.734459638595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5830735564231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5468827486038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5277011394500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5179421305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5071334838867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-prosody","display_name":"Emotional prosody","score":0.4676489531993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4591924250125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44314029812812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.43444114923477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.43042975664138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3868238627910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.33593183755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25498223304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.08461549878120422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542774811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10880526","display_name":"Prosody","level":2,"score":0.7612321376800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.734459638595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5830735564231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5468827486038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5277011394500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5179421305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5071334838867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778262033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373795","display_name":"Emotional prosody","level":3,"score":0.4676489531993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4591924250125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44314029812812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.43444114923477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43042975664138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3868238627910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.33593183755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25498223304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08461549878120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.464.168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.464.168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~frank/Download/Papers/zhao_icassp14.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.995.5013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.995.5013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mirlab.org/conference_papers/International_Conference/ICASSP%202014/papers/p4846-zhao.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37005","https://openalex.org/W1553934070","https://openalex.org/W1566470531","https://openalex.org/W1964347912","https://openalex.org/W1976265573","https://openalex.org/W1981070999","https://openalex.org/W1986297645","https://openalex.org/W2001197664","https://openalex.org/W2037760741","https://openalex.org/W2067495470","https://openalex.org/W2084627109","https://openalex.org/W2094008917","https://openalex.org/W2100534701","https://openalex.org/W2101895618","https://openalex.org/W2108432853","https://openalex.org/W2119387367","https://openalex.org/W2123730785","https://openalex.org/W2125016150","https://openalex.org/W2136914353","https://openalex.org/W2154029067","https://openalex.org/W2170517798","https://openalex.org/W2298939698","https://openalex.org/W2400135701","https://openalex.org/W2401233896","https://openalex.org/W2419264752","https://openalex.org/W6796706378","https://openalex.org/W6804715889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164617610","https://openalex.org/W2615883721","https://openalex.org/W3122308606","https://openalex.org/W4214858907","https://openalex.org/W2077801020","https://openalex.org/W4377964522","https://openalex.org/W2096363641","https://openalex.org/W2985924212","https://openalex.org/W2068673167","https://openalex.org/W2381210917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"with":[1,26,40,47,105],"Parkinsons":[2],"Disease":[3],"(PD)":[4],"frequently":[5],"exhibit":[6],"deficits":[7],"in":[8,24,93],"the":[9,19,29,81,94],"production":[10],"of":[11,21,31,74,97],"emotional":[12,22,42],"speech.":[13,33],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"we":[17],"examine":[18],"classification":[20,30],"speech":[23],"patients":[25,104],"PD":[27,32,85],"and":[28,54,76,83],"Participants":[34],"were":[35,45,65],"recorded":[36],"speaking":[37],"short":[38],"statements":[39],"different":[41],"prosody":[43],"which":[44],"classified":[46],"three":[48],"methods":[49],"(na\u00efve":[50],"Bayes,":[51],"random":[52],"forests,":[53],"support":[55],"vector":[56],"machines)":[57],"using":[58,67],"209":[59],"unique":[60],"auditory":[61],"features.":[62],"Feature":[63],"sets":[64],"reduced":[66],"simple":[68],"statistical":[69],"testing.":[70],"We":[71],"achieve":[72],"accuracies":[73],"65.5%":[75],"73.33%":[77],"on":[78],"classifying":[79],"between":[80,84],"emotions":[82],"vs.":[86],"control,":[87],"respectively.":[88],"These":[89],"results":[90],"may":[91],"assist":[92],"future":[95],"development":[96],"automated":[98],"early":[99],"detection":[100],"systems":[101],"for":[102],"diagnosing":[103],"PD.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}