{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170070437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","title":"Transcribing code-switched bilingual lectures using deep neural networks with unit merging in acoustic modeling","display_name":"Transcribing code-switched bilingual lectures using deep neural networks with unit merging in acoustic modeling","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170070437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","mag":"2170070437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087421101","display_name":"Ching-Feng Yeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Feng Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044010123","display_name":"Lin-shan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin-Shan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16164702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"220","last_page":"224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7953454256057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.728492021560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.7051166296005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.681232213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6682179570198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6058370471000671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5203456282615662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5152921676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48091527819633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.46818387508392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.41617828607559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.380185067653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07277685403823853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7953454256057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.728492021560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.7051166296005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.681232213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6682179570198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6058370471000671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5203456282615662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5152921676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48091527819633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.46818387508392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.41617828607559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.380185067653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07277685403823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6853590","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47568227","https://openalex.org/W139772320","https://openalex.org/W148334237","https://openalex.org/W174561924","https://openalex.org/W1537735731","https://openalex.org/W2025198378","https://openalex.org/W2033436836","https://openalex.org/W2116292667","https://openalex.org/W2123162330","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2151941172","https://openalex.org/W2153433699","https://openalex.org/W2154426712","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2171723947","https://openalex.org/W2184045248","https://openalex.org/W2398092513","https://openalex.org/W2400718301","https://openalex.org/W6601939441","https://openalex.org/W6605989284","https://openalex.org/W6631959037","https://openalex.org/W6656619859","https://openalex.org/W6685285290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1001352512","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,6,15,20,26,29,33,50,56,84,97,112],"transcription":[4],"of":[5,19,28],"widely":[7],"observed":[8,105],"yet":[9],"less":[10,45],"investigated":[11],"bilingual":[12],"code-switched":[13],"speech:":[14],"words":[16],"or":[17],"phrases":[18],"guest":[21,51],"language":[22],"are":[23,35,47],"inserted":[24],"within":[25,40],"utterances":[27],"host":[30],"language,":[31],"so":[32],"languages":[34],"switched":[36],"back":[37],"and":[38,43,63,73],"forth":[39],"an":[41],"utterance,":[42],"much":[44],"data":[46,98],"available":[48],"for":[49,111],"language.":[52],"Two":[53],"approaches":[54,114],"utilizing":[55],"deep":[57],"neural":[58],"network":[59],"(DNN)":[60],"were":[61,93,104],"tested":[62],"analyzed,":[64],"including":[65],"using":[66],"DNN":[67,79],"bottleneck":[68],"features":[69],"in":[70,90],"HMM/GMM":[71],"(BF-HMM/GMM)":[72],"modeling":[74,92],"context-dependent":[75],"HMM":[76],"senones":[77],"by":[78],"(CD-DNN-HMM).":[80],"In":[81],"both":[82],"cases":[83],"unit":[85,107],"merging":[86,108],"(and":[87,109],"recovery)":[88,110],"techniques":[89],"acoustic":[91],"used":[94],"to":[95],"handle":[96],"imbalance":[99],"problem.":[100],"Improved":[101],"recognition":[102],"accuracies":[103],"with":[106],"two":[113],"under":[115],"different":[116],"conditions.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
