{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098355803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","title":"Recurrent neural network language modeling for code switching conversational speech","display_name":"Recurrent neural network language modeling for code switching conversational speech","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098355803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","mag":"2098355803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055589412","display_name":"Heike Adel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-0084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heike Adel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020700841","display_name":"Ngoc Thang Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-9147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngoc Thang Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042378064","display_name":"Franziska Kraus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franziska Kraus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019720894","display_name":"Tim Schlippe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9462-8610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Schlippe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Comput. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ. (NTU), Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ. (NTU), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058049725","display_name":"Tanja Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Syst. Lab., Inst. for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055589412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1371,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97697123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8411","last_page":"8415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.9798731803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8552858233451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.694879412651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.681351900100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.595346212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5317102074623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5052919983863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49469682574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4848390817642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48112407326698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46094071865081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4579836428165436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.44866877794265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4209975302219391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15413036942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07677966356277466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.9798731803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8552858233451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.694879412651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.681351900100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.595346212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5317102074623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5052919983863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49469682574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4848390817642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48112407326698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46094071865081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4579836428165436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.44866877794265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4209975302219391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15413036942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07677966356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6639306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118155631","https://openalex.org/W121747529","https://openalex.org/W164793848","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W308745112","https://openalex.org/W319941341","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1996430422","https://openalex.org/W2003458432","https://openalex.org/W2013489815","https://openalex.org/W2048512899","https://openalex.org/W2049907881","https://openalex.org/W2054750161","https://openalex.org/W2061272101","https://openalex.org/W2084543186","https://openalex.org/W2096204319","https://openalex.org/W2153433699","https://openalex.org/W2168708086","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2405047074","https://openalex.org/W2474824677","https://openalex.org/W6604842312","https://openalex.org/W6610887377","https://openalex.org/W6636649193","https://openalex.org/W6636811518","https://openalex.org/W6651049907","https://openalex.org/W6720877245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2099765776","https://openalex.org/W1876715006","https://openalex.org/W2884096449","https://openalex.org/W2375092362","https://openalex.org/W2104042555","https://openalex.org/W4298452113","https://openalex.org/W2137412537","https://openalex.org/W2098355803","https://openalex.org/W2888820650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code-switching":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,47,105,116,130],"very":[3],"common":[4],"phenomenon":[5],"in":[6,95,109,121],"multilingual":[7],"communities.":[8],"In":[9],"this":[10],"paper,":[11],"we":[12,24,45],"investigate":[13,25],"language":[14,86],"modeling":[15],"for":[16],"conversational":[17],"Mandarin-English":[18],"code-switching":[19,85],"(CS)":[20],"speech":[21],"recognition.":[22],"First,":[23],"the":[26,58,65,71,98,124],"prediction":[27],"of":[28,49,84,111,119,134],"code":[29],"switches":[30],"based":[31],"on":[32,37,97,123],"textual":[33],"features":[34],"with":[35],"focus":[36],"Part-of-Speech":[38],"(POS)":[39],"tags":[40],"and":[41,68,115],"trigger":[42],"words.":[43],"Second,":[44],"propose":[46],"structure":[48],"recurrent":[50],"neural":[51],"networks":[52,59],"to":[53,64,81,129],"predict":[54],"code-switches.":[55],"We":[56],"extend":[57],"by":[60,69],"adding":[61],"POS":[62],"information":[63],"input":[66],"layer":[67,73],"factorizing":[70],"output":[72],"into":[74,104],"languages.":[75],"The":[76,88],"resulting":[77],"models":[78],"are":[79],"applied":[80],"our":[82],"task":[83],"modeling.":[87],"final":[89],"performance":[90],"shows":[91],"10.8%":[92],"relative":[93,107,117,132],"improvement":[94,108,118,133],"perplexity":[96,122],"SEAME":[99],"development":[100],"set":[101,126],"which":[102,127],"transforms":[103],"2%":[106],"terms":[110],"Mixed":[112],"Error":[113],"Rate":[114],"16.9%":[120],"evaluation":[125],"leads":[128],"2.7%":[131],"MER.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
