{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966948031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","title":"Large-scale malware classification using random projections and neural networks","display_name":"Large-scale malware classification using random projections and neural networks","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966948031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","mag":"1966948031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047062711","display_name":"George E. Dahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-844X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George E. Dahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO, ON, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059859993","display_name":"Jack W. Stokes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack W. Stokes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671324","display_name":"Li Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034476404","display_name":"Dong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-6844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Microsoft Research,Redmond,WA,USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047062711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":450,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99383108,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3422","last_page":"3426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8834725618362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8174586892127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.693923830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.63257896900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5907579660415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5431041717529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5415326952934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.47281399369239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42879927158355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.414595365524292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8834725618362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8174586892127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.693923830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.63257896900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5907579660415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5431041717529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5415326952934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.47281399369239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42879927158355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.414595365524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.300.5246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.300.5246","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gdahl/papers/malwareRandomProjections_icassp2013.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.363.6033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.363.6033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/193768/MalwareRandomProjections.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163840697","https://openalex.org/W200681053","https://openalex.org/W1482260876","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1503224444","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1565379513","https://openalex.org/W1996350342","https://openalex.org/W2041836310","https://openalex.org/W2042742130","https://openalex.org/W2072772765","https://openalex.org/W2117030266","https://openalex.org/W2121749752","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144112223","https://openalex.org/W2144792281","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2394932179","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6606754416","https://openalex.org/W6629915129","https://openalex.org/W6633789952","https://openalex.org/W6678051712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845","https://openalex.org/W2975527072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatically":[0],"generated":[1],"malware":[2,29,32],"is":[3,30,80],"a":[4,16,66,132,139],"significant":[5],"problem":[6],"for":[7,27,69,84,138,145],"computer":[8],"users.":[9],"Analysts":[10],"are":[11],"able":[12],"to":[13,65,100],"manually":[14],"investigate":[15],"small":[17],"number":[18,43,62,68,79],"of":[19,44,52,56,63,105,136,148],"unknown":[20],"files,":[21],"but":[22,77],"the":[23,42,50,61,103,106],"best":[24],"large-scale":[25,117],"defense":[26],"detecting":[28],"automated":[31],"classification.":[33],"Malware":[34],"classifiers":[35],"often":[36],"use":[37],"sparse":[38],"binary":[39],"features,":[40],"and":[41,143],"potential":[45],"features":[46,64],"can":[47],"be":[48],"on":[49],"order":[51],"tens":[53],"or":[54],"hundreds":[55],"millions.":[57],"Feature":[58],"selection":[59],"reduces":[60],"manageable":[67],"training":[70],"simpler":[71],"algorithms":[72,87],"such":[73,88],"as":[74,89],"logistic":[75],"regression,":[76],"this":[78,94,111],"still":[81],"too":[82],"large":[83],"more":[85],"complex":[86],"neural":[90,118,141,149],"networks.":[91,150],"To":[92],"overcome":[93],"problem,":[95],"we":[96,113],"used":[97],"random":[98],"projections":[99],"further":[101],"reduce":[102],"dimensionality":[104],"original":[107],"input":[108],"space.":[109],"Using":[110],"architecture,":[112],"train":[114],"several":[115],"very":[116],"network":[119,142],"systems":[120],"with":[121,131],"over":[122],"2.6":[123],"million":[124],"labeled":[125],"samples":[126],"thereby":[127],"achieving":[128],"classification":[129],"results":[130],"two-class":[133],"error":[134],"rate":[135],"0.49%":[137],"single":[140],"0.42%":[144],"an":[146],"ensemble":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
