{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168102210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","title":"Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimations of ballistic missile precession frequency","display_name":"Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimations of ballistic missile precession frequency","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168102210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","mag":"2168102210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359384","display_name":"Lihua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-5429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defence Technology, Changsha, P.R. China","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defence Technology, Changsha, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057324156","display_name":"Mounir Ghogho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-7867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106663","display_name":"International University of Rabat","ror":"https://ror.org/01t9czq80","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}],"countries":["GB","MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounir Ghogho","raw_affiliation_strings":["3International University of Rabat, Morocco","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3International University of Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084710654","display_name":"Des McLernon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-6171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Des McLernon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101593343","display_name":"Weidong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9129-9702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defence Technology, Changsha, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defence Technology, Changsha, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3796","last_page":"3799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-noise","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","score":0.6897439360618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precession","display_name":"Precession","score":0.6739431619644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missile","display_name":"Missile","score":0.5916646718978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-function","display_name":"Multiplicative function","score":0.5897768139839172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5438007712364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballistic-missile","display_name":"Ballistic missile","score":0.4961572587490082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.4754904508590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.4601055383682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4424687623977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.43348583579063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4242514967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.41607749462127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warhead","display_name":"Warhead","score":0.4133564233779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.377651184797287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3551751375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30980032682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.2518180012702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11889705061912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11076754331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10016846656799316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18015164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935000","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","level":5,"score":0.6897439360618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81502235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104225","display_name":"Precession","level":2,"score":0.6739431619644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.5916646718978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.5897768139839172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5438007712364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122136912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179348","display_name":"Ballistic missile","level":3,"score":0.4961572587490082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.4754904508590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.4601055383682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4424687623977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43348583579063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4242514967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.41607749462127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149617267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827512","display_name":"Warhead","level":2,"score":0.4133564233779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.377651184797287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3551751375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30980032682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2518180012702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11889705061912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11076754331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10016846656799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131021393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512759","display_name":"Signal transfer function","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073586616","https://openalex.org/W2152204013","https://openalex.org/W2153493391","https://openalex.org/W2164687965","https://openalex.org/W2332153748","https://openalex.org/W4249522092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988435347","https://openalex.org/W2978078779","https://openalex.org/W2348514775","https://openalex.org/W2370386566","https://openalex.org/W2356919501","https://openalex.org/W2001367319","https://openalex.org/W2364955217","https://openalex.org/W2901799800","https://openalex.org/W4366782463","https://openalex.org/W2353868687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,60],"first":[1,67],"establish":[2],"the":[3,31,44,51,54,77,89,93,102,110,114],"dynamic":[4],"Radar":[5],"Cross":[6],"Section":[7],"(RCS)":[8],"signal":[9,34],"model":[10],"for":[11,109],"a":[12,24,72],"conical":[13],"ballistic":[14],"missile":[15,55],"warhead":[16],"with":[17],"precession":[18,56],"motion.":[19],"Scintillation":[20],"is":[21,35,58],"modeled":[22],"as":[23],"log-normal":[25],"multiplicative":[26,80,103,111],"noise.":[27,104],"The":[28,66,83,96],"distribution":[29,74],"of":[30,50],"obtained":[32,40],"RCS":[33],"nonGaussian":[36],"and":[37,79],"cannot":[38],"be":[39],"in":[41,92,113],"closed-form.":[42],"Hence,":[43],"exact":[45],"Maximum":[46],"Likelihood":[47],"Estimation":[48],"(MLE)":[49],"pertinent":[52],"parameter,":[53],"frequency,":[57],"untractable.":[59],"propose":[61],"three":[62],"pseudo":[63],"MLE":[64],"approaches.":[65],"approach,":[68,85,98],"called":[69,86,99],"GML,":[70],"enforces":[71],"Gaussian":[73],"on":[75],"both":[76],"additive":[78,90],"noise":[81,91,112],"components.":[82],"second":[84],"ML8,":[87],"ignores":[88,101],"measured":[94],"RCS.":[95],"third":[97],"AOML,":[100],"Simulations":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107],"accounting":[108],"estimation":[115,118],"significantly":[116],"improves":[117],"performance.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}