{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161584590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","title":"Keystroke Identification Based on Gaussian Mixture Models","display_name":"Keystroke Identification Based on Gaussian Mixture Models","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161584590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","mag":"2161584590"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044919107","display_name":"Danoush Hosseinzadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Hosseinzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086845888","display_name":"Sridhar Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4659-564X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008508358","display_name":"April Khademi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-0385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Khademi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5896,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91991941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"III","last_page":"1144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","score":0.8971967697143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8598165512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.8146365880966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.806473970413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8062573075294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.6970702409744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6384025812149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6091341376304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.5953726172447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.44885775446891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4323514997959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37547028064727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33024317026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.0848960280418396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.8971967697143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8598165512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.8146365880966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.806473970413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8062573075294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.6970702409744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6384025812149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6091341376304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.5953726172447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44885775446891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4323514997959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37547028064727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33024317026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.0848960280418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499649544","https://openalex.org/W1770825568","https://openalex.org/W2107803401","https://openalex.org/W2133164461","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2158877422","https://openalex.org/W2162826105","https://openalex.org/W2170979474","https://openalex.org/W4236953379","https://openalex.org/W6675918465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W3094144434","https://openalex.org/W2159333170","https://openalex.org/W3169822312","https://openalex.org/W2155670618","https://openalex.org/W2277743221","https://openalex.org/W1966864883","https://openalex.org/W2065920179","https://openalex.org/W1563893514","https://openalex.org/W3129147562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"computer":[1],"systems":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4,56,149],"the":[5,79,83,103,132,136,150],"username":[6],"and":[7,115,141],"password":[8],"model":[9,85,100],"to":[10,52,69,81],"authenticate":[11],"users.":[12],"This":[13,60],"method":[14,65,77],"is":[15,78,91],"widely":[16],"used,":[17],"yet":[18],"it":[19,125],"can":[20,49],"be":[21,50,127],"highly":[22],"insecure":[23],"if":[24],"a":[25,42,63,113,116,145],"user's":[26,84,107],"login":[27],"information":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"compromised.":[31],"To":[32],"increase":[33],"security,":[34],"some":[35],"authors":[36],"have":[37],"proposed":[38],"keystroke":[39,70,108],"patterns":[40],"as":[41,94],"biometric":[43],"tool":[44],"for":[45],"user":[46,99],"authentication;":[47],"they":[48,58],"used":[51],"recognize":[53],"users":[54],"based":[55],"how":[57],"type.":[59],"paper":[61],"introduces":[62],"novel":[64],"that":[66,106,129],"applies":[67],"GMMs":[68],"identification.":[71],"The":[72],"major":[73],"benefit":[74],"of":[75,119,131],"this":[76,111,143],"ability":[80],"update":[82],"each":[86,98],"time":[87,95],"he":[88],"or":[89],"she":[90],"authenticated.":[92],"Therefore,":[93],"goes":[96],"on,":[97],"accurately":[101],"reflects":[102],"changes":[104],"in":[105],"pattern.":[109],"Using":[110],"method,":[112],"FAR":[114],"FRR":[117],"rate":[118],"approximately":[120],"2%":[121],"was":[122],"achieved.":[123],"However,":[124],"should":[126],"noted":[128],"50%":[130],"test":[133],"subjects":[134],"were":[135],"traditional":[137],"\"two":[138],"finger\"":[139],"typists":[140],"therefore,":[142],"had":[144],"disproportionately":[146],"negative":[147],"impact":[148],"results":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
