{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2130715269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","title":"Evaluation of Features and Normalization Techniques for Signature Verification Using Dynamic Timewarping","display_name":"Evaluation of Features and Normalization Techniques for Signature Verification Using Dynamic Timewarping","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2130715269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","mag":"2130715269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056021937","display_name":"Devin Fenton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Fenton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082819549","display_name":"Martin Bouchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-438X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Bouchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061584441","display_name":"Tet Yeap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-6751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.H. Yeap","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Eng, Ottawa Univ., Ont","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056021937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16918548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"III","last_page":"1140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8640891909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8495602607727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.812694787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7378462553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6616338491439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.4290293753147125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42093753814697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.4138273596763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3956298232078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3122950792312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29963910579681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13458740711212158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8640891909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8495602607727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.812694787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7378462553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6616338491439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.4290293753147125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42093753814697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.4138273596763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3956298232078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3122950792312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29963910579681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13458740711212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604739740","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W2096668466","https://openalex.org/W2119108211","https://openalex.org/W2132353460","https://openalex.org/W2488586679","https://openalex.org/W6722775846","https://openalex.org/W7014853045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074035358","https://openalex.org/W2883497455","https://openalex.org/W4288408129","https://openalex.org/W4385731201","https://openalex.org/W2930568688","https://openalex.org/W1995418324","https://openalex.org/W2211301776","https://openalex.org/W2462421451","https://openalex.org/W3009759344","https://openalex.org/W2079894723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,23,32,39,60],"use":[4,21],"of":[5,22],"different":[6],"feature":[7],"sets":[8],"and":[9,15,74,90],"normalization":[10,86],"techniques":[11],"for":[12,64,70],"a":[13],"signature":[14,56,73],"password":[16,48,75],"verifier.":[17],"The":[18],"verifier":[19],"made":[20],"dynamic":[24],"time":[25,89],"warping":[26],"(DTW)":[27],"algorithm.":[28],"Features":[29],"that":[30],"incorporated":[31],"pen":[33],"velocity":[34],"were":[35,83],"found":[36],"to":[37],"be":[38],"strongest":[40],"performers":[41],"in":[42,87],"tests":[43],"against":[44],"informed":[45],"forgeries.":[46],"Overall,":[47],"verification":[49],"did":[50],"not":[51],"perform":[52],"as":[53,55,95],"well":[54,96],"verification.":[57],"On":[58],"average,":[59],"equal":[61],"error":[62],"rate":[63],"passwords":[65],"was":[66,92],"2.7%":[67],"higher":[68],"than":[69],"signatures.":[71],"Most":[72],"features":[76],"achieved":[77],"their":[78],"best":[79],"performance":[80],"when":[81],"they":[82],"power-normalized,":[84],"although":[85],"both":[88],"power":[91],"sometimes":[93],"beneficial":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
