{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132051730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","title":"Random Forests-Based Confidence Annotation Using Novel Features from Confusion Network","display_name":"Random Forests-Based Confidence Annotation Using Novel Features from Confusion Network","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132051730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","mag":"2132051730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763208","display_name":"Jian Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7082-9023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033518479","display_name":"Yunxin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-3692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1674,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89087896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"1149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7959604263305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7476706504821777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6584076285362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-confidence","display_name":"Low Confidence","score":0.655296802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.629080593585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.5765568614006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.57057785987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5484784245491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5142883658409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.47436055541038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4494558870792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-interval","display_name":"Confidence interval","score":0.43664315342903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4280412495136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41403764486312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32377171516418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18957525491714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13347399234771729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7959604263305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476706504821777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6584076285362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909755999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751126","display_name":"Low Confidence","level":2,"score":0.655296802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.629080593585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.5765568614006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.57057785987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5484784245491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5142883658409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.47436055541038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4494558870792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.43664315342903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4280412495136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41403764486312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32377171516418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18957525491714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13347399234771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660229","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123676974","https://openalex.org/W1508594724","https://openalex.org/W1680913401","https://openalex.org/W2103248292","https://openalex.org/W2109045727","https://openalex.org/W2129334286","https://openalex.org/W2140968597","https://openalex.org/W2161482971","https://openalex.org/W2163117539","https://openalex.org/W2166810516","https://openalex.org/W2594610113","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3149836819","https://openalex.org/W6605050139","https://openalex.org/W6630329364","https://openalex.org/W6676312899","https://openalex.org/W6679446661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W2625833328","https://openalex.org/W1533177136","https://openalex.org/W4380994516","https://openalex.org/W4363647452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,88],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4,28],"a":[5,41,70],"set":[6,42],"of":[7,43,73,79],"new":[8,36],"features":[9,15,37,101],"for":[10,95],"confidence":[11,33,47,76,106],"annotation,":[12],"including":[13],"three":[14,116],"derived":[16],"from":[17,22],"confusion":[18],"network":[19],"and":[20,49,58,108],"one":[21],"statistical":[23],"significance":[24],"test.":[25],"We":[26],"also":[27],"using":[29],"random":[30,51,90,109],"forests":[31,52,91,110],"as":[32],"classifier.":[34],"The":[35,99],"are":[38,102],"combined":[39],"with":[40,55,69],"eight":[44],"previously":[45],"proposed":[46,100],"features,":[48],"the":[50,115],"is":[53],"compared":[54],"decision":[56],"tree":[57],"support":[59],"vector":[60],"machine.":[61],"Experiments":[62],"were":[63],"conducted":[64],"on":[65,83],"telehealth":[66],"captioning":[67],"task":[68],"vocabulary":[71],"size":[72],"46,489.":[74],"Average":[75],"annotation":[77,107],"accuracy":[78],"84.69%":[80],"was":[81,92],"achieved":[82,111],"5":[84],"doctors'":[85],"test":[86],"set.":[87],"addition,":[89],"shown":[93,103],"useful":[94],"feature":[96],"importance":[97],"ranking.":[98],"important":[104],"in":[105],"best":[112],"results":[113],"among":[114],"classifiers":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
