{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134817403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","title":"Speech Recognition on Code-Switching Among the Chinese Dialects","display_name":"Speech Recognition on Code-Switching Among the Chinese Dialects","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134817403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","mag":"2134817403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002032106","display_name":"Dau-Cheng Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dau-cheng Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077059176","display_name":"Ren-Yuan Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6691-6447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-yuan Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109886844","display_name":"Yuang-Chin Chiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuang-chin Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040580626","display_name":"Chun\u2010Nan Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5240-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-nan Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002032106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425","https://openalex.org/I4210098366"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.342,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89768338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"1105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8497718572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.6853654980659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6809478402137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.6602264642715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5690312385559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5353197455406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5172008275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5161846280097961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.5039982199668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.49715283513069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4937795102596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4918496608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4471386969089508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3511502742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09743249416351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0761183500289917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8497718572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.6853654980659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6809478402137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.6602264642715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5690312385559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5353197455406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5172008275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5161846280097961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.5039982199668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.49715283513069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4937795102596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4918496608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4471386969089508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3511502742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09743249416351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0761183500289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2006.1660218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60856060","https://openalex.org/W99394049","https://openalex.org/W1645339924","https://openalex.org/W1983072039","https://openalex.org/W2097426397","https://openalex.org/W2114569717","https://openalex.org/W2122442817","https://openalex.org/W2136188588","https://openalex.org/W2172287020","https://openalex.org/W4256755058","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4390911816","https://openalex.org/W6602426707","https://openalex.org/W6630222807","https://openalex.org/W6636792408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W226586525","https://openalex.org/W1998541766","https://openalex.org/W2064542902","https://openalex.org/W2262900283","https://openalex.org/W2362145681","https://openalex.org/W2098508228","https://openalex.org/W2913520953","https://openalex.org/W2954811041","https://openalex.org/W1538826769","https://openalex.org/W2383292628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"an":[2],"integrated":[3],"approach":[4],"to":[5,33],"do":[6],"automatic":[7],"speech":[8,84],"recognition":[9,50,85,102],"on":[10,47],"code-switching":[11],"utterances,":[12],"where":[13],"speakers":[14],"switch":[15],"back":[16],"and":[17,41,67,82],"forth":[18],"between":[19],"at":[20],"least":[21],"2":[22],"languages.":[23],"This":[24],"one-pass":[25],"framework":[26],"avoids":[27],"the":[28,34,95,116],"degradation":[29],"of":[30,38,54],"accuracy":[31,108],"due":[32],"imperfectly":[35],"intermediate":[36],"decisions":[37],"language":[39,42,77,80],"detection":[40],"identification.":[43],"It":[44],"is":[45,86],"based":[46],"a":[48,55,60,68,99],"three-layer":[49],"scheme,":[51,103],"which":[52],"consists":[53],"mixed-language":[56],"HMM-based":[57],"acoustic":[58],"model,":[59,66],"knowledge-based":[61],"plus":[62],"data-driven":[63],"probabilistic":[64],"pronunciation":[65],"tree-structured":[69],"searching":[70],"net.":[71],"The":[72],"traditional":[73,117],"multi-pass":[74],"recognizer":[75],"including":[76],"boundary":[78],"detection,":[79],"identification":[81],"language-dependent":[83],"also":[87],"implemented":[88],"for":[89],"comparison.":[90],"Experimental":[91],"results":[92],"show":[93],"that":[94,110],"proposed":[96],"approach,":[97],"with":[98],"much":[100],"simpler":[101],"could":[104,111],"achieve":[105],"as":[106,109],"high":[107],"be":[112],"achieved":[113],"by":[114],"using":[115],"approach.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}