{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138226482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","title":"Combining features and decisions for face detection","display_name":"Combining features and decisions for face detection","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138226482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","mag":"2138226482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440161","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-5046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75717288","display_name":"Rogers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05m9vrv91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S.Rogers Sr.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONTARIO, CANADA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S.Rogers Sr.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONTARIO, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75717288","display_name":"Rogers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05m9vrv91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S.Rogers Sr.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONTARIO, CANADA","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S.Rogers Sr.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONTARIO, CANADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I75717288"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038007238","display_name":"A.N. Venetsanopolous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.N. Venetsanopolous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"V","last_page":"717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7893167734146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7416109442710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7195418477058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5302127599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5198577046394348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-matching","display_name":"Template matching","score":0.5171984434127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5121829509735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.5095837116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.49756887555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48287323117256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.4462166130542755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4454967975616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43140897154808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42656466364860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.410527765750885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2055814266204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1662507951259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1486065685749054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7893167734146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7416109442710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7195418477058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5302127599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5198577046394348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.5171984434127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5121829509735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.5095837116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49756887555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48287323117256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.4462166130542755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4454967975616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43140897154808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42656466364860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.410527765750885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2055814266204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1662507951259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1486065685749054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2004.1327211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.380.6749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.380.6749","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.comm.utoronto.ca/~kostas/Publications2008/pub/proceed/94.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502024436","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2041812800","https://openalex.org/W2046399019","https://openalex.org/W2106309274","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2130356170","https://openalex.org/W2139242327","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2163965432","https://openalex.org/W6608647691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082756648","https://openalex.org/W3194278305","https://openalex.org/W2289648981","https://openalex.org/W2328400855","https://openalex.org/W2031374570","https://openalex.org/W1802419721","https://openalex.org/W2350073947","https://openalex.org/W2864802228","https://openalex.org/W2756363441","https://openalex.org/W2355910863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,14,75,117],"novel":[3],"face":[4,35,61,65],"detection":[5],"algorithm":[6,50],"which":[7],"detects":[8],"faces":[9],"in":[10],"color":[11,28],"images":[12],"using":[13],"combination":[15],"of":[16,119],"feature":[17,55],"and":[18,39,67,91,122],"decision":[19],"fusion":[20],"mechanisms.":[21],"In":[22],"addition":[23],"to":[24,59,74,98],"commonly":[25,126],"used":[26,58,127],"skin":[27],"information,":[29],"two":[30,105],"additional":[31],"features,":[32],"namely":[33],"average":[34],"template":[36,42],"matching":[37,43],"score":[38,44],"horizontal":[40],"edge":[41],"are":[45,71,95],"utilized.":[46],"A":[47],"mean":[48],"shift":[49],"operating":[51],"on":[52,104],"the":[53,85,89,100,111],"combined":[54,97],"space":[56],"is":[57],"determine":[60],"candidate":[62,66,90],"areas.":[63],"The":[64],"its":[68,92],"flipped":[69,93],"pattern":[70,94],"then":[72,96],"inputted":[73],"multiple":[76],"layer":[77],"perceptron":[78],"based":[79],"classifier.":[80],"Two":[81],"outputs":[82],"along":[83],"with":[84],"correlation":[86],"value":[87],"between":[88],"give":[99],"final":[101],"decision.":[102],"Experimentation":[103],"different":[106],"test":[107],"databases":[108],"indicates":[109],"that":[110],"proposed":[112],"method":[113],"performs":[114],"well":[115],"under":[116],"variety":[118],"scale,":[120],"expression":[121],"environmental":[123],"conditions,":[124],"outperforming":[125],"approaches.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}