{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118769776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","title":"Low bit-rate feature vector compression using transform coding and non-uniform bit allocation","display_name":"Low bit-rate feature vector compression using transform coding and non-uniform bit allocation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118769776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","mag":"2118769776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608982","display_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023076395","display_name":"Ben Milner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169768744","display_name":"Norwich University","ror":"https://ror.org/04we7d902","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Milner","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","Sch. of Inf. Syst., East Anglia Univ., Norwich, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Syst., East Anglia Univ., Norwich, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110379443","display_name":"Xu Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169768744","display_name":"Norwich University","ror":"https://ror.org/04we7d902","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","Sch. of Inf. Syst., East Anglia Univ., Norwich, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Syst., East Anglia Univ., Norwich, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73671096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"II","last_page":"129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karhunen\u2013lo\u00e8ve-theorem","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","score":0.6321834921836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6065253019332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.5520232915878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation-matrix","display_name":"Transformation matrix","score":0.5459879040718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.5313779711723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.512710452079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5119057893753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.46457844972610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transform-coding","display_name":"Transform coding","score":0.4623817801475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-coding","display_name":"Speech coding","score":0.46221914887428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio","display_name":"Compression ratio","score":0.41868624091148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4185383915901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4140200614929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3941212594509125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109308471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046647","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","level":2,"score":0.6321834921836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6065253019332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.5520232915878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165443888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482183","display_name":"Transformation matrix","level":3,"score":0.5459879040718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.5313779711723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.512710452079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5119057893753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.46457844972610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.4623817801475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.46221914887428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.41868624091148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4185383915901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4140200614929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3941212594509125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1202311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608982","display_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.67.793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.67.793","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~xu/download/sx_icassp_03_2.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:22224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/22224/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94722296","https://openalex.org/W125001557","https://openalex.org/W1657975426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005892337","https://openalex.org/W2093183275","https://openalex.org/W2953035947","https://openalex.org/W2168652241","https://openalex.org/W2048538977","https://openalex.org/W1891828130","https://openalex.org/W2144912679","https://openalex.org/W3021757444","https://openalex.org/W2107474339","https://openalex.org/W1919647042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23,67],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,12,35,39,83,153],"novel":[4],"method":[5],"for":[6],"the":[7,57,73,77,92,96,125],"low":[8],"bit-rate":[9],"compression":[10,131],"of":[11,56,69,85,91,95,135,156],"feature":[13,28],"vector":[14],"stream":[15],"with":[16,166],"particular":[17],"application":[18],"to":[19,37,72,132,164],"distributed":[20],"speech":[21,116],"recognition.":[22],"scheme":[24],"operates":[25],"by":[26],"grouping":[27],"vectors":[29],"into":[30],"non-overlapping":[31],"blocks":[32],"and":[33,46,115,140],"applying":[34],"transformation":[36],"give":[38],"more":[40,103],"compact":[41],"matrix":[42,58,78],"representation.":[43],"Both":[44],"Karhunen-Loeve":[45],"discrete":[47],"cosine":[48],"transforms":[49],"are":[50],"considered.":[51],"Following":[52],"transformation,":[53],"higher-order":[54],"columns":[55],"can":[59],"be":[60],"removed":[61],"without":[62],"loss":[63],"in":[64,76],"recognition":[65,117,122,148,159],"performance.":[66],"number":[68],"bits":[70,133],"allocated":[71],"remaining":[74],"elements":[75,97],"is":[79,102,161],"determined":[80],"automatically":[81],"using":[82,124],"measure":[84],"their":[86],"relative":[87],"information":[88],"content.":[89],"Analysis":[90],"amplitude":[93],"distribution":[94],"indicates":[98],"that":[99,130],"non-linear":[100],"quantisation":[101],"appropriate":[104],"than":[105],"linear":[106],"quantisation.":[107],"Comparative":[108],"results,":[109],"based":[110],"on":[111,147],"both":[112],"spectral":[113],"distortion":[114],"accuracy,":[118],"confirm":[119],"this.":[120],"Speech":[121],"tests":[123],"ETSI":[126],"Aurora":[127],"database":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"rates":[134],"2400":[136],"bps,":[137,158],"1200":[138,157],"bps":[139,142],"800":[141],"has":[143],"very":[144],"little":[145],"effect":[146],"accuracy.":[149],"For":[150],"example":[151],"at":[152],"bit":[154],"rate":[155],"accuracy":[160],"98.0%":[162],"compared":[163],"98.6%":[165],"no":[167],"compression.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}