{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100850387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","title":"Soft margin AdaBoost for face pose classification","display_name":"Soft margin AdaBoost for face pose classification","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100850387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","mag":"2100850387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608982","display_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101678990","display_name":"Ying Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061162051","display_name":"Geoff Poulton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Poulton","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326760","display_name":"Jiaming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3558-3560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047954548","display_name":"Mark Hedley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0739-7982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hedley","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039658196","display_name":"Rong-Yu Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Yu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. & Ind. Phys., CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101678990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71370968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"III","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.8911535739898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8271960020065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7765024900436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6982550621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.6640883684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6623845100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5551554560661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sma*","display_name":"SMA*","score":0.4703861474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.411718487739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39254558086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3461869955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2853536903858185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1533401608467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.13144221901893616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.8911535739898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8271960020065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7765024900436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6982550621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6640883684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6623845100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5551554560661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161921814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493743","display_name":"SMA*","level":2,"score":0.4703861474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.411718487739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39254558086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3461869955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2853536903858185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1533401608467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.13144221901893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2003.1199147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608982","display_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03).","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540007258","https://openalex.org/W1931059338","https://openalex.org/W1975846642","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2035591762","https://openalex.org/W2099968818","https://openalex.org/W2123977795","https://openalex.org/W2148601301","https://openalex.org/W2155511848","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W3165903168","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W6640475651","https://openalex.org/W6675272622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052828961","https://openalex.org/W2376566779","https://openalex.org/W2166180245","https://openalex.org/W1521548765","https://openalex.org/W2096042813","https://openalex.org/W2047758967","https://openalex.org/W2294130405","https://openalex.org/W2242267494","https://openalex.org/W2116589437","https://openalex.org/W2392583168"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,35],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,45,72],"new":[4,89],"machine":[5],"learning":[6,47],"method":[7,15,160,179],"to":[8,49,59],"solve":[9],"the":[10,19,62,93,109,113,121,129,133,141,154,158,170,174,178],"pose":[11],"estimation":[12],"problem.":[13],"is":[16,98,106,118,125,161],"based":[17,107,123,131],"on":[18,108,115,132,147],"soft":[20],"margin":[21],"AdaBoost":[22,36,74],"(SMA)":[23],"algorithm":[24,37],"(Ratsch,":[25],"G.":[26],"et":[27],"al.,":[28],"Machine":[29],"Learning,":[30],"vol.42,":[31],"no.3,":[32],"p.287-320,":[33],"2001).":[34],"has":[38],"been":[39],"used":[40],"with":[41,173],"great":[42],"success":[43],"as":[44,77,95],"high-level":[46],"procedure":[48],"obtain":[50],"strong":[51],"classifiers":[52],"from":[53],"weak":[54],"classifiers,":[55],"but":[56],"it":[57],"tends":[58],"overfit":[60],"in":[61],"presence":[63],"of":[64,157,169],"very":[65],"noisy":[66,84],"data.":[67,85],"Recent":[68],"studies":[69],"show":[70,152],"that":[71,120,153],"regularised":[73],"algorithm,":[75,112],"such":[76],"SMA,":[78],"can":[79],"achieve":[80],"better":[81,138],"results":[82,151],"for":[83,91,165],"We":[86],"propose":[87],"two":[88],"techniques":[90,142],"classifying":[92],"image":[94],"frontal":[96],"(face":[97],"within":[99],"/spl":[100],"plusmn/25/spl":[101],"deg/)":[102],"or":[103,190],"profile;":[104],"one":[105,130],"original":[110,134],"Adaboost":[111],"other":[114],"SMA.":[116],"It":[117],"shown":[119],"SMA":[122,159],"technique":[124],"more":[126],"robust":[127],"than":[128,163],"AdaBoost,":[135],"and":[136,145],"yields":[137],"results.":[139],"All":[140],"were":[143],"trained":[144],"tested":[146],"four":[148],"databases.":[149],"Experimental":[150],"classification":[155],"error":[156],"less":[162],"2%":[164],"suitable":[166],"parameters,":[167],"regardless":[168],"conditions":[171],"associated":[172],"face.":[175],"In":[176],"addition,":[177],"performs":[180],"extremely":[181],"well":[182],"even":[183],"when":[184],"some":[185],"facial":[186],"features":[187],"become":[188],"partially":[189],"wholly":[191],"occluded.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}