{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1878581552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","title":"An expert spectrogram reader: A knowledge-based approach to speech recognition","display_name":"An expert spectrogram reader: A knowledge-based approach to speech recognition","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1878581552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","mag":"1878581552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109575396","display_name":"Victor W. Zue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Zue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062446882","display_name":"Lori Lamel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-9938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Lamel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86999297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1197","last_page":"1200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9241763949394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonotactics","display_name":"Phonotactics","score":0.763144850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7531529664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5823495388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5774176120758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.560761034488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonetics","display_name":"Phonetics","score":0.5553596019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5373735427856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-phonetics","display_name":"Acoustic phonetics","score":0.5149922966957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.398715078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3747847080230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19926509261131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonology","display_name":"Phonology","score":0.1888895332813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08125761151313782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9241763949394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4768521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512366","display_name":"Phonotactics","level":3,"score":0.763144850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7531529664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5823495388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5774176120758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.560761034488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137584468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395","display_name":"Phonetics","level":2,"score":0.5553596019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5373735427856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781032008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424083","display_name":"Acoustic phonetics","level":3,"score":0.5149922966957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.398715078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3747847080230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19926509261131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148934300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40998","display_name":"Phonology","level":2,"score":0.1888895332813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08125761151313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1986.1168798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W607079072","https://openalex.org/W1670129776","https://openalex.org/W2110293626","https://openalex.org/W2136419841","https://openalex.org/W2140326470","https://openalex.org/W2153495750","https://openalex.org/W2156538173","https://openalex.org/W2494487601","https://openalex.org/W6680297918","https://openalex.org/W6682487571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W494903855","https://openalex.org/W2897924318","https://openalex.org/W2138997758","https://openalex.org/W2797780879","https://openalex.org/W2043551772","https://openalex.org/W1495040446","https://openalex.org/W4241224677","https://openalex.org/W2074142668","https://openalex.org/W4244333547","https://openalex.org/W2322483032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"experts":[1],"can":[2,48],"determine":[3],"the":[4,15,28,45,69,78,96,106],"phonetic":[5],"identity":[6],"of":[7,14,30,33,71,80,88,105],"unknown":[8],"utterances":[9],"from":[10,93],"a":[11,73,86],"visual":[12],"examination":[13],"spectrogram":[16,81],"with":[17,56],"performance":[18,47,99],"better":[19],"than":[20],"available":[21],"computer":[22],"systems.":[23],"The":[24],"spectrogram-reading":[25],"process":[26,79],"involves":[27],"use":[29],"multiple":[31,64],"sources":[32],"knowledge,":[34],"including":[35],"articulatory":[36],"movements,":[37],"acoustic":[38],"phonetics,":[39],"phonotactics,":[40],"and":[41],"linguistics.":[42],"In":[43,85],"addition,":[44],"experts'":[46],"be":[49],"attributed":[50],"to":[51,54,103],"their":[52],"ability":[53],"deal":[55],"partial":[57],"and/or":[58],"conflicting":[59],"information,":[60],"as":[61,63],"well":[62],"cues.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"investigates":[68],"feasibility":[70],"constructing":[72],"knowledge-based":[74],"system":[75,97],"that":[76,100,104],"mimics":[77],"reading":[82],"by":[83],"humans.":[84],"task":[87],"identifying":[89],"stop":[90],"consonants":[91],"extracted":[92],"continuous":[94],"speech,":[95],"achieved":[98],"is":[101],"comparable":[102],"experts.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}