{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1872806465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","title":"Improved hidden Markov modeling of phonemes for continuous speech recognition","display_name":"Improved hidden Markov modeling of phonemes for continuous speech recognition","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1872806465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","mag":"1872806465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '84. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089653752","display_name":"Richard Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4654-624X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110276771","display_name":"Y.-L. Chow","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006694769","display_name":"S. Roucos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Roucos","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080511835","display_name":"M. Krasner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Krasner","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111497957","display_name":"J. Makhoul","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Makhoul","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1349,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93639284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.854311466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.789008378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7417991161346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.47632795572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44126197695732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.22802621126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13585728406906128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.854311466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.789008378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7417991161346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.47632795572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44126197695732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.22802621126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13585728406906128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172751","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '84. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539742940","https://openalex.org/W1703976593","https://openalex.org/W1774234760","https://openalex.org/W1919801718","https://openalex.org/W1966812932","https://openalex.org/W2037543635","https://openalex.org/W2077574412","https://openalex.org/W2104981903","https://openalex.org/W2122564925","https://openalex.org/W2133033218","https://openalex.org/W2134587001","https://openalex.org/W2163929346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136763963","https://openalex.org/W2109705048","https://openalex.org/W2940588515","https://openalex.org/W1909151225","https://openalex.org/W3184123547","https://openalex.org/W2160030256","https://openalex.org/W4253235840","https://openalex.org/W3151937861","https://openalex.org/W2488941600","https://openalex.org/W1510894296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,77,101],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,6,22,26,32,49,55,59,64,72,84,95,124,133],"use":[4],"of":[5,24,28,34,40,54,71,127,139],"Hidden":[7],"Markov":[8],"Model":[9],"(HMM)":[10],"in":[11,74,97,107],"phonetic":[12,29,41],"recognition.":[13],"In":[14],"particular,":[15],"we":[16],"present":[17],"improvements":[18],"that":[19,66,75,92,118],"deal":[20],"with":[21,90],"problems":[23],"modeling":[25],"effect":[27,39],"context":[30,42],"and":[31,86],"problem":[33],"robust":[35],"pdf":[36,99],"estimation.":[37],"The":[38],"is":[43,80,103,120],"taken":[44],"into":[45],"account":[46],"by":[47,82,113],"conditioning":[48,79],"probability":[50,130],"density":[51],"functions":[52],"(pdfs)":[53],"acoustic":[56],"parameters":[57],"on":[58,94],"adjacent":[60],"phonemes,":[61],"only":[62],"to":[63,105,122],"extent":[65],"there":[67],"are":[68],"sufficient":[69],"tokens":[70],"phoneme":[73],"context.":[76],"partial":[78],"achieved":[81],"combining":[83],"conditioned":[85],"unconditioned":[87],"pdfs":[88],"models":[89],"weights":[91],"depend":[93],"confidence":[96],"each":[98],"estimate.":[100],"combination":[102],"shown":[104],"result":[106],"better":[108],"performance":[109],"than":[110],"either":[111],"model":[112],"itself.":[114],"We":[115],"also":[116],"show":[117],"it":[119],"possible":[121],"obtain":[123],"computational":[125],"advantages":[126],"using":[128],"discrete":[129],"densities":[131],"without":[132],"usual":[134],"requirement":[135],"for":[136],"large":[137],"amounts":[138],"training":[140],"data.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}