{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124403035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","title":"Speaker normalization algorithms for very-low-rate speech coding","display_name":"Speaker normalization algorithms for very-low-rate speech coding","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124403035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","mag":"2124403035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '84. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006694769","display_name":"S. Roucos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Roucos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063105052","display_name":"A. Wilgus","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Wilgus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek and Newman,\uc2a0Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22369278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.9124586582183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.6732059717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6494718194007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-verification","display_name":"Speaker verification","score":0.5992854237556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5873427391052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.559217631816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5167078971862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4643910527229309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-coding","display_name":"Speech coding","score":0.4633972942829132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.45015424489974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-envelope","display_name":"Spectral envelope","score":0.4473350942134857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3920067548751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.35202643275260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31336989998817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2553991675376892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.9124586582183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.6732059717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6494718194007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982762665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker verification","level":3,"score":0.5992854237556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5873427391052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.559217631816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5167078971862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4643910527229309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.4633972942829132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.45015424489974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54926389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575188","display_name":"Spectral envelope","level":2,"score":0.4473350942134857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3920067548751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.35202643275260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31336989998817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2553991675376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1984.1172440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '84. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1826405859","https://openalex.org/W1945490744","https://openalex.org/W2162397380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521299571","https://openalex.org/W2115984063","https://openalex.org/W4235705411","https://openalex.org/W2383072803","https://openalex.org/W2128165264","https://openalex.org/W2106898123","https://openalex.org/W3141593045","https://openalex.org/W2134501921","https://openalex.org/W2138799587","https://openalex.org/W2377001183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,90,106],"use":[1],"speaker":[2,12,16],"normalization":[3,30,88],"for":[4,102],"vocoding":[5],"the":[6,38,43,49,52,77,81,87,92,103],"speech":[7],"of":[8,32,42,80],"a":[9,15,22,33,73,97],"new":[10],"input":[11,55],"by":[13,63,86,95],"using":[14],"dependent":[17],"segment":[18,82],"vocoder":[19,83],"operating":[20],"at":[21],"very-low":[23],"bit":[24],"rate,":[25],"below":[26],"300":[27],"b/s.":[28],"The":[29,57],"consists":[31],"spectral":[34,39,59,104],"transformation,":[35],"applied":[36],"on":[37,110],"parameter":[40],"vector":[41],"reference":[44,53],"speaker,":[45],"which":[46],"should":[47],"improve":[48],"match":[50],"between":[51],"and":[54,113],"speakers.":[56,115],"optimal":[58],"transformation":[60],"is":[61,68,84],"determined":[62],"an":[64],"iterative":[65],"algorithm":[66,94],"that":[67],"guaranteed":[69],"to":[70,72],"converge":[71],"local":[74],"optimum,":[75],"i.e.,":[76],"quantization":[78],"error":[79],"minimized":[85],"algorithm.":[89],"demonstrate":[91],"general":[93],"deriving":[96],"linear":[98],"least":[99],"squares":[100],"solution":[101],"transformation.":[105],"present":[107],"some":[108],"results":[109],"several":[111],"male":[112],"female":[114]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}