{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1670129776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","title":"Experiments on spectrogram reading","display_name":"Experiments on spectrogram reading","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1670129776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","mag":"1670129776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '79. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109575396","display_name":"Victor W. Zue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Zue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113678575","display_name":"Ronald A. Cole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2646-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Cole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92850273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"116","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9740787744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.8219314813613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.7106241583824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6251617074012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.614485502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5587258338928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonetics","display_name":"Phonetics","score":0.5466455221176147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42991548776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4059279263019562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3710732161998749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2869124412536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06888061761856079}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9740787744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.8219314813613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.7106241583824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6251617074012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.614485502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5587258338928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137584468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395","display_name":"Phonetics","level":2,"score":0.5466455221176147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42991548776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4059279263019562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3710732161998749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2869124412536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06888061761856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1979.1170735","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICASSP '79. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W607079072","https://openalex.org/W1978652777","https://openalex.org/W2010470211","https://openalex.org/W2082094527","https://openalex.org/W2102204352","https://openalex.org/W2140490031","https://openalex.org/W2172256532","https://openalex.org/W2394542450","https://openalex.org/W2419224558","https://openalex.org/W4240043473","https://openalex.org/W4251287005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W2897924318","https://openalex.org/W2138997758","https://openalex.org/W4307784074","https://openalex.org/W2532587587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,15,24,31,44,47,52,79,87,98,109,116,126,148,152,158,167],"results":[4],"of":[5,17,34,43,51,59,81,93,133,157],"several":[6],"spectrogram":[7,120],"reading":[8,121],"experiments":[9],"that":[10,20],"were":[11],"designed":[12],"to":[13,55,86],"determine":[14],"amount":[16],"phonetic":[18,32],"information":[19],"is":[21],"contained":[22],"in":[23,69,104,141],"speech":[25,162],"signal.":[26],"The":[27,74],"task":[28],"involved":[29],"identifying":[30],"content":[33],"an":[35,90],"unknown":[36],"utterance":[37],"only":[38],"from":[39],"a":[40,70,105,138,146],"visual":[41],"examination":[42],"spectrogram.":[45],"In":[46,108,125],"first":[48],"experiment,":[49,128],"one":[50],"authors":[53],"attempted":[54],"phonetically":[56],"label":[57],"spectrograms":[58,132],"normal":[60,134],"and":[61,100,111,164],"anomalous":[62],"English":[63,135],"utterances":[64],"as":[65,67,145],"well":[66],"words":[68,103],"known":[71],"carrier":[72,106],"phrase.":[73,107],"results,":[75],"when":[76],"compared":[77],"with":[78,151],"transcriptions":[80],"three":[82],"phoneticians":[83],"who":[84],"listened":[85],"utterances,":[88],"indicated":[89],"overall":[91],"agreement":[92],"better":[94],"than":[95],"85%":[96],"on":[97,154],"sentences,":[99],"93%":[101],"for":[102,161,166],"second":[110],"third":[112],"experiments,":[113],"we":[114],"investigated":[115],"speed":[117],"at":[118],"which":[119],"can":[122],"be":[123],"accomplished.":[124],"final":[127],"five":[129],"students":[130],"read":[131],"sentences":[136],"after":[137],"13-week":[139],"course":[140],"acoustic":[142],"phonetics.":[143],"Working":[144],"group,":[147],"class":[149],"agreed":[150],"transcribers":[153],"over":[155],"80%":[156],"segments.":[159],"Implications":[160],"recognition":[163],"aids":[165],"deaf":[168],"are":[169],"discussed.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
