{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122134140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","title":"Imperceptible data embedding in sharply-contrasted binary images","display_name":"Imperceptible data embedding in sharply-contrasted binary images","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122134140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","mag":"2122134140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICARCV 2004 8th Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision Conference, 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053949309","display_name":"Anthony T. S. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.T.S. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086045014","display_name":"Niladri B. Puhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5932-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N.B. Puhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052617896","display_name":"Anamitra Makur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-923X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Makur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076847210","display_name":"Pina Marziliano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Marziliano","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763983","display_name":"Yong Liang Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-630X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y.L. Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053949309"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81392512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"958","last_page":"963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7871686220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7797596454620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.7012304067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6908013224601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.5792720913887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5772005319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5731770992279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5569451451301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5033754706382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.4956320524215698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4876443147659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4670131802558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-data","display_name":"Binary data","score":0.4535544514656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44816023111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4053473472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.20046061277389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.0956493616104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.067374587059021}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7871686220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7797596454620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.7012304067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6908013224601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5792720913887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5772005319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5731770992279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5569451451301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5033754706382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.4956320524215698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4876443147659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4670131802558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.4535544514656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44816023111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4053473472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.20046061277389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0956493616104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.067374587059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2004.1468970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICARCV 2004 8th Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision Conference, 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11140125320002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.409.8989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.8989","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.surrey.ac.uk/computing/files/pdf/papers/Anthony_Ho/7_Ho_2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:1872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1872/1/fulltext.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571441458","https://openalex.org/W1655554306","https://openalex.org/W2096901341","https://openalex.org/W2126660587","https://openalex.org/W2126975757","https://openalex.org/W2130667149","https://openalex.org/W2161647295","https://openalex.org/W4210602482","https://openalex.org/W7018800160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W55883722","https://openalex.org/W2000309351","https://openalex.org/W2388020437","https://openalex.org/W4246738587","https://openalex.org/W2096901341","https://openalex.org/W2040673617","https://openalex.org/W2127752241","https://openalex.org/W2077628957","https://openalex.org/W1987293394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"embedding":[1,86],"in":[2,21,33,56],"sharply-contrasted":[3],"binary":[4,57],"images":[5,81],"like":[6],"text,":[7],"drawing,":[8],"signature":[9],"and":[10,78,83],"cartoon":[11],"is":[12,46,66,102],"a":[13,42,62,100],"challenging":[14],"issue":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,26,48,68],"simple":[18],"pixel":[19,101],"statistics":[20],"such":[22,53,74],"images.":[23,58],"Arbitrary":[24],"modification":[25],"the":[27,34,50,76,79,94,105],"pixels":[28],"can":[29],"be":[30],"visually":[31],"perceptible":[32],"process":[35,87],"of":[36,41,52,72],"data":[37,85],"embedding.":[38],"The":[39],"use":[40],"valid":[43],"perceptual":[44,64],"model":[45,65],"important":[47],"minimize":[49],"effect":[51],"visual":[54],"distortion":[55,95],"In":[59,91],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"novel":[63],"used":[67],"embed":[69],"significant":[70],"amount":[71],"information":[73],"that":[75,96],"original":[77],"marked":[80],"before":[82],"after":[84,98],"are":[88],"perceptually":[89],"similar.":[90],"our":[92],"model,":[93],"occurs":[97],"flipping":[99],"estimated":[103],"on":[104],"curvature-weighted":[106],"distance":[107],"difference":[108],"(CWDD)":[109],"measure":[110],"between":[111],"two":[112],"contour":[113],"segments.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}