{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136314271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","title":"Sense differentiation in print and electronic dictionaries: a survey of test instruments","display_name":"Sense differentiation in print and electronic dictionaries: a survey of test instruments","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136314271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","mag":"2136314271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 3rd IEEE International Conference on Advanced Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T.K. Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T.K. Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pusat Pengajian Bahasa dan Linguistik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","Pusat Pengajian Bahasa dan Linguistik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pusat Pengajian Bahasa dan Linguistik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pusat Pengajian Bahasa dan Linguistik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26434833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"334","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12341","display_name":"Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies","score":0.9362999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.7677942514419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6857969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6800877451896667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5469158887863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5386412739753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44491851329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34330177307128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32479336857795715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7677942514419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6857969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6800877451896667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5469158887863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5386412739753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44491851329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34330177307128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32479336857795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2003.1215110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 3rd IEEE International Conference on Advanced Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985292660","https://openalex.org/W2061165124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W2535856026","https://openalex.org/W2265065644","https://openalex.org/W641782856","https://openalex.org/W2134699697","https://openalex.org/W3017188156","https://openalex.org/W2322875716","https://openalex.org/W2383516975","https://openalex.org/W2374878784","https://openalex.org/W2147679489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"aim":[1],"to":[2,32,48],"compare":[3],"the":[4,33,49,58],"efficiency":[5,41],"of":[6,15,26,35,51,57,65],"print":[7],"and":[8,53,61],"electronic":[9],"learners'":[10],"dictionary":[11],"in":[12,28],"helping":[13],"learners":[14],"English":[16],"as":[17],"a":[18],"Second":[19],"Language":[20],"(ESL)":[21],"discriminate":[22],"closely":[23],"related":[24],"senses":[25],"words":[27],"dictionaries.":[29,67],"Issues":[30],"relating":[31],"development":[34,64],"test":[36,59],"instruments":[37],"for":[38,63],"capturing":[39],"this":[40],"are":[42],"discussed.":[43],"This":[44],"includes":[45],"matters":[46],"pertaining":[47],"selection":[50],"research":[52],"resource":[54],"dictionaries,":[55],"formulation":[56],"questions":[60],"procedure":[62],"micro":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
