{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7146957224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315","title":"Benchmarking CNN Components in EZKL: A Layer-Level Analysis for EVM-Compatible Deployment","display_name":"Benchmarking CNN Components in EZKL: A Layer-Level Analysis for EVM-Compatible Deployment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7146957224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119775262","display_name":"George Chidera Akor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Chidera Akor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018695820","display_name":"Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-1693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Love Allen Chijioke Ahakonye","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Convergence Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Gumi,South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Convergence Research Center, Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132602879","display_name":"Jae Min Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Min Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132550646","display_name":"Dong-Seong Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology,Department of IT-Convergence Engineering,Gumi,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28455155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"645","last_page":"650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6186000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6186000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.20679999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.08560000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7649000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6049000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.5911999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.38760000467300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7649000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6049000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5911999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148339","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic68212.2026.11454315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6551152467727661,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G290997552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2025-RS-2024-00438430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G384231191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A6A1A03024003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309788","funder_display_name":"Neurosciences Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6731128903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-25431637","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309788","display_name":"Neurosciences Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05exfab56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2946547492","https://openalex.org/W3213013974","https://openalex.org/W4361805434","https://openalex.org/W4394907743","https://openalex.org/W4396553101","https://openalex.org/W4403158622","https://openalex.org/W4409815787"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-knowledge":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"(ZKML)":[3],"enables":[4],"verifiable":[5],"inference":[6],"on":[7],"private":[8],"data,":[9],"but":[10],"deploying":[11],"convolutional":[12],"neural":[13],"networks":[14],"(CNNs)":[15],"in":[16,66,105],"production":[17],"remains":[18],"constrained":[19],"by":[20,113],"a":[21,68,141,165],"multi-dimensional":[22],"tradeoff":[23],"between":[24],"proof-generation":[25,96],"latency,":[26],"bandwidth":[27],"consumption,":[28],"and":[29,35,84,93,102,125,147,164,178],"computational":[30],"complexity.":[31],"Existing":[32],"ZKML":[33,70],"frameworks":[34],"engineering":[36],"blogs":[37],"provide":[38],"qualitative":[39],"heuristics,":[40],"yet":[41],"practitioners":[42,170],"lack":[43],"systematic,":[44,59],"layer-level":[45,60],"measurements":[46],"to":[47,132,171],"guide":[48],"architecture":[49],"design":[50],"under":[51],"these":[52],"constraints.":[53,179],"This":[54],"work":[55],"presents":[56],"the":[57,155],"first":[58],"characterization":[61],"of":[62],"CNN":[63],"component":[64],"costs":[65,174],"EZKL,":[67],"Halo2-based":[69],"framework":[71],"targeting":[72],"EVM-compatible":[73],"blockchains.":[74],"We":[75,108,158],"profile":[76],"8":[77],"feasible":[78],"layer":[79],"types":[80],"(activations,":[81],"pooling,":[82],"normalization,":[83],"linear)":[85],"across":[86],"two":[87],"EZKL":[88],"precision":[89,138],"settings":[90],"(scale":[91],"7":[92],"10),":[94],"measuring":[95],"time,":[97],"proof":[98],"size,":[99],"circuit":[100],"complexity,":[101],"peak":[103],"memory":[104],"26":[106],"experiments.":[107],"reveal":[109],"critical":[110],"infrastructure":[111],"requirements":[112],"documenting":[114],"10":[115],"additional":[116],"experiments":[117],"that":[118,137,148,168],"exceeded":[119],"hardware":[120],"limits":[121],"(Conv2d":[122],"operations,":[123],"LayerNorm,":[124],"ReLU-based":[126],"composite":[127],"CNNs":[128],"requiring$>125\\":[129],"\\text{GB}$RAM).":[130],"Contrary":[131],"conventional":[133],"wisdom,":[134],"we":[135],"find":[136],"configuration":[139],"has":[140],"negligible":[142],"performance":[143],"impact":[144],"($1.002":[145],"\\times$ratio),":[146],"system":[149],"RAM,":[150],"not":[151],"GPU":[152],"VRAM,":[153],"is":[154],"primary":[156],"bottleneck.":[157],"release":[159],"an":[160],"open-source":[161],"profiling":[162],"toolkit":[163],"public":[166],"dataset":[167],"enable":[169],"query":[172],"expected":[173],"for":[175],"their":[176],"architectures":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}