{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392981308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248","title":"A Two-Phase Multi-Class Botnet Labeling Approach for Real-World Traffic","display_name":"A Two-Phase Multi-Class Botnet Labeling Approach for Real-World Traffic","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392981308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076738557","display_name":"Ta-Chun Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-9068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ta-Chun Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cheng Kung University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Tainan,Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cheng Kung University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Tainan,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109693535","display_name":"Shan-Hong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan-Hong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwan","Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063041098","display_name":"Jyh\u2010Biau Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50519452","display_name":"Lunghwa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/001y2wd07","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50519452"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyh-Biau Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lunghwa University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic Engineering,Taoyuan,Taiwan","Department of Electronic Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lunghwa University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic Engineering,Taoyuan,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50519452"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50519452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111582905","display_name":"Chung\u2010Ho Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Ho Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwan","Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University,Tainan,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103100406","display_name":"Ce-Kuen Shieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-9113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ce-Kuen Shieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cheng Kung University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Tainan,Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cheng Kung University,Department of Electrical Engineering,Tainan,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66761242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9280219078063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6742526292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5909073948860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.44965529441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43701595067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36930400133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31078508496284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1642645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.12520498037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06007349491119385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9280219078063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6742526292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5909073948860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.44965529441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43701595067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36930400133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31078508496284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1642645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12520498037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06007349491119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151377110","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W2027585446","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2528827134","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2756275803","https://openalex.org/W2765633793","https://openalex.org/W2793130454","https://openalex.org/W2801118360","https://openalex.org/W2810144680","https://openalex.org/W2883062872","https://openalex.org/W2891182902","https://openalex.org/W2893641169","https://openalex.org/W2951124623","https://openalex.org/W2963683434","https://openalex.org/W2969295985","https://openalex.org/W2976763034","https://openalex.org/W2982485713","https://openalex.org/W2995394700","https://openalex.org/W3117040418","https://openalex.org/W4200163930","https://openalex.org/W4224301650","https://openalex.org/W4298857589","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6766779489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2124456408","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W3134680667","https://openalex.org/W2804396347","https://openalex.org/W2185943007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Within":[0],"the":[1,24,108,153,160],"realm":[2],"of":[3,70,110,116,126,155],"cybersecurity,":[4],"botnets":[5],"represent":[6],"an":[7,123,146],"increasingly":[8],"formidable":[9],"threat,":[10],"characterized":[11],"by":[12,32],"diverse":[13],"types":[14],"exhibiting":[15],"distinct":[16],"behavioral":[17],"patterns":[18],"and":[19,46,57,81,95,164],"characteristics.":[20],"This":[21,143],"study":[22],"addresses":[23],"imperative":[25],"need":[26],"for":[27,39,61,77,149,162],"real-time":[28],"botnet":[29,63,150,167],"activity":[30],"detection":[31],"introducing":[33],"a":[34,47,100],"multi-class":[35,59],"labeling":[36,60,86,136,151],"system":[37,52,130],"tailored":[38],"real-world":[40,82],"network":[41,156],"traffic.":[42],"Employing":[43],"clustering":[44,78,122],"algorithms":[45],"semi-supervised":[48,101],"learning":[49,102],"framework,":[50],"this":[51],"efficiently":[53],"labels":[54],"benign":[55],"traffic":[56,64,90],"performs":[58],"various":[62],"categories.":[65],"Hierarchical":[66],"Density-based":[67,113],"Spatial":[68,114],"Clustering":[69,115],"Applications":[71,117],"with":[72,118,139],"Noise":[73,119],"(HDBSCAN)":[74],"is":[75,91],"harnessed":[76],"both":[79],"synthetic":[80],"datasets,":[83],"significantly":[84],"enhancing":[85,159],"coverage.":[87],"The":[88],"remaining":[89],"designated":[92],"as":[93],"\u201cunknown\u201d":[94],"subjected":[96],"to":[97],"identification":[98],"through":[99],"approach.":[103],"A":[104],"comparative":[105],"analysis":[106],"underscores":[107],"superiority":[109],"HDBSCAN":[111],"over":[112],"(DBSCAN),":[120],"successfully":[121],"additional":[124],"11%":[125],"data.":[127],"Remarkably,":[128],"our":[129],"exhibits":[131],"substantial":[132],"advancements":[133],"in":[134,152],"data":[135],"when":[137],"juxtaposed":[138],"prior":[140],"research":[141,144],"efforts.":[142],"introduces":[145],"effective":[147],"solution":[148],"context":[154],"security,":[157],"thereby":[158],"capacity":[161],"detecting":[163],"mitigating":[165],"malicious":[166],"activities.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
