{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296884708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967","title":"An Analysis of COVID-19 related Twitter Data for Asian Hate Speech Using Machine Learning Algorithms","display_name":"An Analysis of COVID-19 related Twitter Data for Asian Hate Speech Using Machine Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296884708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 1st International Conference on AI in Cybersecurity (ICAIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110828370","display_name":"Sandeep Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078766422","display_name":"Xiaohong Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-9812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069107344","display_name":"Zanetta Tyler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zanetta Tyler","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,Department of Computer Science,Greensboro,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110828370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.398,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66976522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.9466065168380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7830429673194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6624235510826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6581861972808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6102575063705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5906694531440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5906403660774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"Racism","score":0.5733280181884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anger","display_name":"Anger","score":0.495416522026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.47700050473213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37639319896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18233978748321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1575462818145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1408991813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12366747856140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11463358998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.10758689045906067}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.9466065168380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7830429673194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6624235510826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6581861972808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6102575063705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5906694531440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5906403660774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5733280181884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.495416522026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.47700050473213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37639319896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18233978748321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1575462818145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1408991813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12366747856140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11463358998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10758689045906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaic53980.2022.9896967","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 1st International Conference on AI in Cybersecurity (ICAIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2615624292","https://openalex.org/W2735456168","https://openalex.org/W2782730293","https://openalex.org/W2797630160","https://openalex.org/W2844392751","https://openalex.org/W2964992537","https://openalex.org/W3038773216","https://openalex.org/W3099549037","https://openalex.org/W3122189839","https://openalex.org/W3130644246","https://openalex.org/W3161976747","https://openalex.org/W4206192262","https://openalex.org/W4207052662","https://openalex.org/W4287666728","https://openalex.org/W4288102152","https://openalex.org/W6768064530","https://openalex.org/W6782998426","https://openalex.org/W6788844155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W2985924212","https://openalex.org/W3194539120","https://openalex.org/W4320483443","https://openalex.org/W4205958290","https://openalex.org/W3195168932","https://openalex.org/W2979979539","https://openalex.org/W4311106074","https://openalex.org/W3127425528","https://openalex.org/W3004897296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0,39,72],"people":[1,40],"have":[2],"suffered":[3,14,20],"in":[4,146,172],"this":[5,84],"global":[6],"pandemic":[7],"of":[8,61,109,158],"Covid-19":[9],"since":[10],"March":[11],"2020.":[12],"Some":[13],"from":[15,21,134],"covid-19":[16],"disease":[17],"whereas":[18],"some":[19],"hatred.":[22],"There":[23],"are":[24,149],"posts":[25],"and":[26,44,49,67,102,120,152,160,163],"comments":[27],"on":[28],"Twitter":[29,81,96],"that":[30,170],"reflected":[31],"Asian":[32],"hatred":[33,66],"blaming":[34],"them":[35],"for":[36,131],"the":[37,59,107,125,129,140,147,156],"coronavirus.":[38],"expressed":[41],"their":[42,115,165],"anger":[43],"racism":[45,68],"through":[46,69],"social":[47,70],"media":[48],"even":[50],"physically.":[51],"It":[52],"is":[53],"an":[54],"important":[55],"task":[56],"to":[57,64,79,93,114,136],"understand":[58],"sentiments":[60],"public":[62],"data":[63,130],"reduce":[65],"media.":[71],"machine":[73,90],"learning":[74,91,111],"algorithms":[75],"can":[76],"be":[77],"used":[78,145],"classify":[80,94],"data.":[82],"In":[83],"research,":[85],"we":[86],"use":[87],"two":[88],"different":[89],"classifiers":[92],"COVID-related":[95],"data:":[97],"Support":[98],"Vector":[99],"Machine":[100],"(SVM)":[101],"Random":[103],"Forest.":[104],"We":[105,122,154],"compare":[106],"performance":[108],"both":[110],"methods":[112],"according":[113],"prediction":[116],"accuracy,":[117],"precision,":[118],"recall,":[119],"F1-score.":[121],"then":[123],"predict":[124],"tweet":[126],"label":[127,144],"using":[128,139],"each":[132],"month":[133],"April":[135],"November":[137],"2020":[138],"SVM":[141],"model.":[142],"The":[143],"dataset":[148],"Hate,":[150],"Counter-hate":[151],"Neutral.":[153],"analyze":[155],"ratio":[157],"hate":[159],"counter-hate":[161],"tweets":[162],"discuss":[164],"possible":[166],"correlation":[167],"with":[168],"events":[169],"occurred":[171],"those":[173],"months.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
