{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378976793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687","title":"A Hybrid Learning Approach for Automatic Data Labelling and Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks","display_name":"A Hybrid Learning Approach for Automatic Data Labelling and Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378976793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108302758","display_name":"R. P. Kanwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rimsha Kanwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108302758","display_name":"R. P. Kanwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rimsha Kanwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072564142","display_name":"Umara Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-8140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umara Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Islamic University,Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015953087","display_name":"Zahid Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-3455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Seoul National University,Technology Management Economics and Policy Program,Seoul,South Korea","Technology Management Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Seoul National University,Technology Management Economics and Policy Program,Seoul,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Management Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108302758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66912994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"238","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8229146003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.660826563835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6350310444831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5992460250854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.48343050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4750126302242279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4592054486274719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.44859564304351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.422978937625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32146790623664856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8229146003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.660826563835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6350310444831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5992460250854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.48343050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4750126302242279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4592054486274719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44859564304351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.422978937625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32146790623664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136687","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472067","https://openalex.org/W1794961931","https://openalex.org/W1966994709","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2165847864","https://openalex.org/W2337344967","https://openalex.org/W2371638596","https://openalex.org/W2737540862","https://openalex.org/W2945594226","https://openalex.org/W2987793235","https://openalex.org/W2995067726","https://openalex.org/W3004999940","https://openalex.org/W3042956813","https://openalex.org/W3081703086","https://openalex.org/W4285082635","https://openalex.org/W6623737539","https://openalex.org/W6638058728","https://openalex.org/W6644682428","https://openalex.org/W6783052455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W2349635380","https://openalex.org/W2353819554","https://openalex.org/W2359488321","https://openalex.org/W2389866386","https://openalex.org/W4353089801","https://openalex.org/W2131379912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,66],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"is":[4,11,99,106,122,140,170,186,206],"an":[5,213],"environment":[6],"in":[7,46,57,114,142,196,209],"which":[8,105,143],"digital":[9],"equipment":[10],"augmented":[12],"with":[13,212],"sensors":[14],"to":[15,36,125,188,193],"share":[16,24],"and":[17,44,109,127,146,154,221],"receive":[18],"data":[19,25,38,49,72,87,113,129],"through":[20,54,76],"network.":[21],"When":[22],"devices":[23],"it":[26],"can":[27,50,73],"be":[28,52,74],"effected":[29],"by":[30,40,101,118],"anomalies":[31,62,195,208],"or":[32,39,61,178],"any":[33,41],"attack":[34],"due":[35],"corrupted":[37,53],"other":[42],"uncertainty":[43],"ambiguity":[45],"data.":[47,133],"The":[48,70,159,199],"also":[51,110],"a":[55,102,123,137],"damage":[56,63],"device.":[58],"These":[59],"attacks":[60],"the":[64,67,165,181,203],"working":[65],"IoT":[68,90,115,157,197,210],"networks.":[69,198],"anomalous":[71],"detected":[75],"detection":[77,82],"techniques":[78,83,148],"however":[79],"most":[80],"anomaly":[81],"depend":[84],"upon":[85],"labelled":[86,184],"but":[88],"for":[89,130,151,172],"datasets,":[91],"usually":[92],"class":[93],"labels":[94],"are":[95,149],"not":[96],"available.":[97],"Labeling":[98],"performed":[100],"manual":[103],"process":[104],"time":[107],"consuming":[108],"costly.":[111],"As":[112],"increases":[116],"day":[117,119],"so":[120],"there":[121],"need":[124],"label":[126],"classify":[128],"future":[131],"unseen":[132],"In":[134,164,180],"this":[135],"paper":[136],"hybrid":[138],"algorithm":[139],"proposed":[141,204],"both":[144],"clustering":[145,169],"classification":[147],"applied":[150],"automatic":[152],"labeling":[153],"classifying":[155],"on":[156],"dataset.":[158],"model":[160,192,205],"contains":[161],"two":[162],"function.":[163],"first":[166],"phase":[167,183],"k-means":[168],"employed":[171],"labelling":[173],"dataset":[174,185],"instances":[175],"as":[176],"normal":[177],"anomalous.":[179],"second":[182],"used":[187],"train":[189],"Random":[190],"Forest":[191],"detect":[194],"results":[200],"show":[201],"that":[202],"detecting":[207],"networks":[211],"accuracy":[214],"98%,":[215,220],"precision":[216],"98":[217],"%,":[218],"recall":[219],"F-meausre":[222],"0.98%.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}