{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280557663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572","title":"Comparison of Loss functions and Optimizers for Multi-class X-ray Bone Segmentation","display_name":"Comparison of Loss functions and Optimizers for Multi-class X-ray Bone Segmentation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280557663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102817753","display_name":"Talha Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7343-8500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98594393","display_name":"Central Cotton Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02wrv8c89","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98594393"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talha Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher,Multan,Pakistan","Independent Researcher, Multan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher,Multan,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98594393"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Multan, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030052048","display_name":"Seemab Zakir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801712768","display_name":"Foundation University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/020jkns84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801712768"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seemab Zakir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan","Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801712768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801712768"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07789977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8377231359481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.7721571922302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6684221625328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6506656408309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-segmentation","display_name":"Market segmentation","score":0.5593022704124451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49046608805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.479868084192276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.4759402275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.46012070775032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43562576174736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41905906796455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37740713357925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2705065608024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2478366494178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14285480976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11453762650489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09542906284332275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8377231359481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.7721571922302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6684221625328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6506656408309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125308379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363057","display_name":"Market segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5593022704124451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49046608805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.479868084192276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.4759402275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.46012070775032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43562576174736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41905906796455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37740713357925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2705065608024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2478366494178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14285480976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11453762650489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09542906284332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icai55435.2022.9773572","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2160732575","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2903557259","https://openalex.org/W2908957122","https://openalex.org/W2945454497","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963046541","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W3005498024","https://openalex.org/W3036790064","https://openalex.org/W3038091703","https://openalex.org/W3082560017","https://openalex.org/W3092128289","https://openalex.org/W3098401985","https://openalex.org/W3112139896","https://openalex.org/W3124567770","https://openalex.org/W3166806759","https://openalex.org/W3171519265","https://openalex.org/W4210506859","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6745245109","https://openalex.org/W6755875945","https://openalex.org/W6782840177","https://openalex.org/W6797016806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402926319","https://openalex.org/W4389060404","https://openalex.org/W2973136608","https://openalex.org/W3012828488","https://openalex.org/W4286233748","https://openalex.org/W4254054209","https://openalex.org/W4200334192","https://openalex.org/W4391935352","https://openalex.org/W2952835238","https://openalex.org/W2157102420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"X-ray":[0,66],"bone":[1,63],"segmentation":[2,39,47,64],"helps":[3],"orthopaedic":[4],"surgeons":[5],"make":[6],"proper":[7],"decisions":[8],"by":[9],"separating":[10],"bones":[11,22,29],"from":[12,65],"soft":[13],"tissues":[14],"and":[15,55,61,106,114,121],"making":[16],"the":[17,21,28,83,99],"view":[18],"clear.":[19],"Segmenting":[20],"help":[23,44],"them":[24],"to":[25],"analyze":[26],"if":[27],"are":[30,35,117],"in":[31,45,96],"place.":[32],"UNet":[33],"architectures":[34],"widely":[36],"used":[37,85],"for":[38],"tasks.":[40],"Selecting":[41],"optimal":[42],"configuration":[43],"better":[46,72],"of":[48,98,111],"bones.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"compared":[52],"different":[53,75,94],"optimizers":[54,70,95],"loss":[56,76,88,100],"functions":[57,77],"while":[58],"studying":[59],"pelvic":[60],"femur":[62],"images.":[67],"Overall,":[68],"AdamW":[69,120],"yield":[71],"performance":[73],"with":[74],"than":[78],"all":[79],"other":[80],"optimizers,":[81],"including":[82],"commonly":[84],"Adam.":[86],"Tversky":[87],"shows":[89],"good":[90],"stable":[91],"results":[92],"across":[93],"terms":[97],"function.":[101],"Best":[102],"dice":[103,122],"similarity":[104],"coefficient":[105],"intersection":[107],"over":[108],"union":[109],"score":[110],"97.04":[112],"%":[113,116],"96.56":[115],"achieved":[118],"using":[119],"loss.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}