{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4304142075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122","title":"Risk Assessment of SCADA Cyber Attack Methods: A Technical Review on Securing Automated Real-time SCADA Systems","display_name":"Risk Assessment of SCADA Cyber Attack Methods: A Technical Review on Securing Automated Real-time SCADA Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4304142075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608428","display_name":"2022 27th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 27th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032650609","display_name":"Beenish Urooj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-7270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beenish Urooj","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069588646","display_name":"Ubaid Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3893-5525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ubaid Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University,Department of Civil Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University,Department of Civil Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022535739","display_name":"Munam Ali Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munam Ali Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014183741","display_name":"Hira Shahzadi Sikandar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hira Shahzadi Sikandar","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014824544","display_name":"Abdul Qarib Stanikzai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Qarib Stanikzai","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University,Department of Computer Science,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91390066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.9901211261749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.6291404366493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguard","display_name":"Safeguard","score":0.5867284536361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5520541667938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.5519150495529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5228817462921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.46069595217704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.4439109265804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3521338999271393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3344007134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3285048305988312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1744551956653595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.9901211261749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6291404366493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.5867284536361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5520541667938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.5519150495529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5228817462921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.46069595217704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4439109265804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3521338999271393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3344007134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3285048305988312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1744551956653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icac55051.2022.9911122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608428","display_name":"2022 27th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 27th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086423630","https://openalex.org/W2227989631","https://openalex.org/W2670040239","https://openalex.org/W2768073426","https://openalex.org/W2792849897","https://openalex.org/W2792908318","https://openalex.org/W2899541238","https://openalex.org/W2955810727","https://openalex.org/W2955881216","https://openalex.org/W2972568755","https://openalex.org/W2981268527","https://openalex.org/W2987085812","https://openalex.org/W2996591841","https://openalex.org/W3017165746","https://openalex.org/W3020448654","https://openalex.org/W3039622286","https://openalex.org/W3087386645","https://openalex.org/W3107702302","https://openalex.org/W3117571503","https://openalex.org/W3117976988","https://openalex.org/W3155081803","https://openalex.org/W3171622349","https://openalex.org/W3200022502","https://openalex.org/W6689375428","https://openalex.org/W6787512488","https://openalex.org/W6787978870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2309980522","https://openalex.org/W2801513872","https://openalex.org/W4308939027","https://openalex.org/W2501550164","https://openalex.org/W3035677232","https://openalex.org/W4363648096","https://openalex.org/W4247152228","https://openalex.org/W2039148409","https://openalex.org/W3046826460","https://openalex.org/W1987465543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66,103,163],"world\u2019s":[1],"most":[2],"important":[3],"industrial":[4],"economy":[5],"is":[6,72],"particularly":[7],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,61,73,92,186,188],"both":[10],"external":[11],"and":[12,23,27,116,139,160,190],"internal":[13],"threats,":[14],"such":[15,175],"as":[16,84,86,181,183,185],"the":[17,35,56,131,145,192],"one":[18],"uncovered":[19],"in":[20,45,59,106,118,130,141,152,174],"Supervisory":[21],"Control":[22,29],"Data":[24],"Acquisition":[25],"(SCADA)":[26],"Industrial":[28],"Systems":[30],"(ICS).":[31],"Upon":[32],"those":[33],"systems,":[34],"success":[36],"criteria":[37],"for":[38,127],"security":[39,108],"are":[40,90,114,137],"quite":[41],"dynamic.":[42],"Security":[43],"flaws":[44],"these":[46],"automated":[47,176],"SCADA":[48,112,135,177],"systems":[49,113,178],"have":[50],"already":[51],"been":[52],"discovered":[53],"by":[54],"infiltrating":[55],"entire":[57],"network":[58],"addition":[60],"reducing":[62],"production":[63,198],"line":[64],"hazards.":[65],"objective":[67],"of":[68,97,100,111,133,154],"our":[69],"review":[70],"article":[71],"show":[74],"various":[75],"potential":[76],"future":[77],"research":[78,161],"voids":[79],"that":[80],"recent":[81],"studies":[82],"have,":[83],"well":[85,182],"how":[87,187],"many":[88],"methods":[89,105],"available":[91],"concentrate":[93],"on":[94],"specific":[95],"aspects":[96],"risk":[98,109,123,155,168],"assessment":[99,110,124],"manufactured":[101],"systems.":[102],"state-of-the-art":[104],"cyber":[107],"reviewed":[115],"compared":[117],"this":[119],"research.":[120],"Multiple":[121],"contemporary":[122],"approaches":[125],"developed":[126],"or":[128,170],"deployed":[129],"settings":[132],"a":[134],"system":[136],"considered":[138],"examined":[140],"detail.":[142],"We":[143],"outline":[144],"approaches\u2019":[146],"main":[147],"points":[148],"before":[149],"analyzing":[150],"them":[151],"terms":[153],"assessment,":[156],"conventional":[157],"analytical":[158],"procedures,":[159],"challenges.":[162],"paper":[164],"also":[165],"examines":[166],"possible":[167],"regions":[169],"locations":[171],"where":[172],"breaches":[173],"can":[179],"emerge,":[180],"solutions":[184],"safeguard":[189],"eliminate":[191],"hazards":[193],"when":[194],"they":[195],"arise":[196],"during":[197],"manufacturing.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
