{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411271982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746","title":"Fractal Dimension of Downward Stepped Leaders During Negative Downward Flashes","display_name":"Fractal Dimension of Downward Stepped Leaders During Negative Downward Flashes","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411271982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093836505","display_name":"Christos Antrias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christos Antrias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028818888","display_name":"Alexios I. Ioannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6966-6175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexios I. Ioannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068523793","display_name":"Thomas E. Tsovilis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-8761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas E. Tsovilis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Building D,High Voltage Laboratory,Thessaloniki,Greece,54124","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093836505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68357767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11513","display_name":"stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11513","display_name":"stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10244","display_name":"Chaos control and synchronization","score":0.9383000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal-dimension","display_name":"Fractal dimension","score":0.6878933906555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.6315505504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.5831562876701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37492769956588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32053399085998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.300858736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.16643354296684265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26546657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412452","display_name":"Fractal dimension","level":3,"score":0.6878933906555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6315505504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.5831562876701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37492769956588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32053399085998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.300858736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.16643354296684265}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023746","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1438920340","https://openalex.org/W1581075145","https://openalex.org/W1581985736","https://openalex.org/W1596985254","https://openalex.org/W1613019536","https://openalex.org/W1994220142","https://openalex.org/W2035013096","https://openalex.org/W2064285806","https://openalex.org/W2073748076","https://openalex.org/W2126620068","https://openalex.org/W2130068824","https://openalex.org/W2130910497","https://openalex.org/W2158008371","https://openalex.org/W2313072096","https://openalex.org/W2586019449","https://openalex.org/W2623863524","https://openalex.org/W2752660822","https://openalex.org/W2767187641","https://openalex.org/W2907225079","https://openalex.org/W2962518595","https://openalex.org/W2981532963","https://openalex.org/W3010231975","https://openalex.org/W3022231143","https://openalex.org/W3033316382","https://openalex.org/W3135397561","https://openalex.org/W3167827526","https://openalex.org/W4213367024","https://openalex.org/W4234018663","https://openalex.org/W4301035542","https://openalex.org/W4309263441","https://openalex.org/W4319455620","https://openalex.org/W4366525371","https://openalex.org/W4376608004","https://openalex.org/W4388543687","https://openalex.org/W4389352659","https://openalex.org/W4390104413","https://openalex.org/W4391871065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394117909","https://openalex.org/W2896054214","https://openalex.org/W2355197944","https://openalex.org/W2017118246","https://openalex.org/W2354661593","https://openalex.org/W2382240109","https://openalex.org/W2368475191","https://openalex.org/W2391311021","https://openalex.org/W2389188284","https://openalex.org/W2026209355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photographic":[0],"records":[1],"of":[2,22,67,77,93,105,113,123,128],"natural":[3],"lightning":[4,94,115,125],"leaders":[5,26],"obtained":[6],"through":[7,74],"high-speed":[8],"video":[9],"camera":[10],"observations":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,97],"a":[14,75,120],"literature":[15],"review":[16],"are":[17,40,56],"analyzed.":[18],"The":[19],"fractal":[20,43,61,80,99],"dimension":[21,44,62,81,100],"the":[23,35,68,78,87,90,98,114,124],"downward":[24,29],"stepped":[25],"during":[27],"negative":[28],"flashes":[30],"is":[31,72,101],"estimated.":[32],"Two":[33],"methods,":[34,39],"box-counting":[36],"and":[37,64],"sandbox":[38],"employed":[41],"for":[42],"calculation,":[45],"utilizing":[46],"algorithms":[47],"developed":[48],"in":[49,86,110],"MATLAB":[50],"software;":[51],"appropriate":[52],"image":[53],"processing":[54],"techniques":[55],"utilized":[57],"to":[58,119],"ensure":[59,65],"accurate":[60,111],"estimation":[63],"impartiality":[66],"results.":[69],"A":[70],"discussion":[71],"made":[73],"comparison":[76],"estimated":[79],"with":[82],"values":[83],"previously":[84],"reported":[85],"related":[88],"literature;":[89],"possible":[91],"effect":[92],"peak":[95],"current":[96],"also":[102],"examined.":[103],"Results":[104],"this":[106],"work":[107],"may":[108],"assist":[109],"modeling":[112],"attachment":[116],"phenomenon":[117],"leading":[118],"safer":[121],"design":[122],"protection":[126],"system":[127],"power":[129],"systems.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}