{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126814450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","title":"An FPGA-based Cost-effective Digital Differential Relay for Wind Farm Protection","display_name":"An FPGA-based Cost-effective Digital Differential Relay for Wind Farm Protection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126814450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","mag":"3126814450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101493057","display_name":"M. Nasir Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72541430","display_name":"Lakehead University","ror":"https://ror.org/023p7mg82","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Nasir Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University LU-GC program, Barrie, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University LU-GC program, Barrie, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049804457","display_name":"Nima Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-0620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72541430","display_name":"Lakehead University","ror":"https://ror.org/023p7mg82","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University LU-GC program, Barrie, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University LU-GC program, Barrie, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101493057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49407653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-protective-relay","display_name":"Digital protective relay","score":0.7686599493026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.7468613982200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7115921974182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overcurrent","display_name":"Overcurrent","score":0.679750919342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-relay","display_name":"Protective relay","score":0.6051720976829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5173341631889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.4869307279586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.4844651222229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.47278615832328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4635189473628998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40714970231056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.34053337574005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3351406455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33002758026123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31175315380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2185421586036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1321185827255249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183912175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4293157","display_name":"Digital protective relay","level":5,"score":0.7686599493026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.7468613982200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7115921974182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.679750919342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.6051720976829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5173341631889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4869307279586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.4844651222229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.47278615832328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4635189473628998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40714970231056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.34053337574005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3351406455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33002758026123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31175315380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2185421586036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1321185827255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias44978.2020.9334863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1915433441","https://openalex.org/W2128556491","https://openalex.org/W2425689310","https://openalex.org/W2466098755","https://openalex.org/W2483250681","https://openalex.org/W2580076647","https://openalex.org/W2765700245","https://openalex.org/W2765853430","https://openalex.org/W2766286658","https://openalex.org/W2882982481","https://openalex.org/W2892180245","https://openalex.org/W2972149889","https://openalex.org/W2990063123","https://openalex.org/W3004935589","https://openalex.org/W4248651104","https://openalex.org/W6773532705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128451253","https://openalex.org/W3204341683","https://openalex.org/W2673189356","https://openalex.org/W2110573863","https://openalex.org/W2992202700","https://openalex.org/W4205372965","https://openalex.org/W2910287997","https://openalex.org/W2150619725","https://openalex.org/W3007305795","https://openalex.org/W2157643825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wind":[0],"farm":[1,49,95],"protection":[2,26,34,50,66,126,142,155,207],"against":[3,35],"any":[4],"abnormalities":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,139],"extreme":[8],"wind":[9,48,56,60,81,94,145],"speed,":[10],"symmetrical":[11],"and":[12,24,100,122,136,191],"unsymmetrical":[13],"faults":[14,190,193],"remains":[15],"an":[16,140],"engineering":[17],"challenge.":[18],"Commonly,":[19],"inverse":[20],"time-delay":[21],"overcurrent":[22,36],"relay":[23,108,127],"distance":[25],"relays":[27,43,67],"have":[28],"been":[29],"used":[30,75],"for":[31,47,144],"power":[32],"system":[33],"incidences.":[37],"However,":[38],"the":[39,78,102,107,150,161,179,188,200,204],"performance":[40,148],"of":[41,55,80,104,149],"these":[42],"is":[44,128,137,158],"not":[45],"reliable":[46,124],"due":[51],"to":[52,76,111,214],"dynamic":[53],"behavior":[54],"farms":[57],"during":[58,113],"harsh":[59],"speed":[61,82],"variations.":[62],"A":[63],"microprocessor-based":[64],"differential":[65,125,154],"(MDPR)":[68],"with":[69,169,194],"extensive":[70],"communication":[71,105],"capability":[72],"may":[73],"be":[74,97,210],"tackle":[77],"effect":[79],"variation":[83],"on":[84],"protective":[85],"relays.":[86],"Nonetheless,":[87],"implementing":[88],"several":[89],"MDPR":[90],"in":[91,101,117,130,160],"a":[92,120,131,211],"large-scale":[93],"could":[96],"extremely":[98,195],"costly":[99],"event":[103],"failure,":[106],"would":[109,209],"fail":[110],"operate":[112],"fault":[114,185],"incidence.":[115],"Therefore,":[116],"this":[118],"research":[119],"cost-effective":[121,212],"more":[123],"designed":[129],"field-programmable":[132],"gate":[133],"array":[134],"(FPGA)":[135],"proposed":[138,151,180,205],"alternative":[141,213],"scheme":[143,156,208],"farms.":[146],"The":[147,174],"FPGA-based":[152],"digital":[153],"(FPGA-DDPS)":[157],"verified":[159],"lab":[162],"environment":[163],"using":[164],"DE2-115":[165],"FPGA":[166],"board":[167],"equipped":[168],"Cyclone":[170],"IV":[171],"E":[172],"(EP4CE115F29C7).":[173],"experimental":[175],"results":[176],"show":[177],"that":[178],"FPGA-DDPR":[181,206],"can":[182],"successfully":[183],"detects":[184],"locations,":[186],"trips":[187],"internal":[189],"even":[192],"high":[196],"resistance,":[197],"while":[198],"ignores":[199],"external":[201],"fault.":[202],"Thus,":[203],"MDPRs.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
