{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2548590339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","title":"Risk assessment of coordinated cyber-physical attacks against power grids: A stochastic game approach","display_name":"Risk assessment of coordinated cyber-physical attacks against power grids: A stochastic game approach","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2548590339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","mag":"2548590339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087782189","display_name":"Longfei Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longfei Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010427742","display_name":"Arif I. Sarwat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-438X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arif I. Sarwat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024108653","display_name":"Walid Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, VA, USA","International Scholar at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Scholar at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4037,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95769559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.691269040107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.6838775873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6215344071388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.6077859401702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.536207377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.5104119181632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4947807192802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factoring","display_name":"Factoring","score":0.45511937141418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.4309961199760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41710591316223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.378412663936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3380972146987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15942803025245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.10087588429450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0909571647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08964809775352478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.691269040107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.6838775873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6215344071388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.6077859401702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.536207377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.5104119181632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4947807192802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177225278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192674","display_name":"Factoring","level":2,"score":0.45511937141418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.4309961199760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41710591316223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.378412663936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3380972146987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15942803025245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.10087588429450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0909571647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08964809775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ias.2016.7731849","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480317510","https://openalex.org/W1528676759","https://openalex.org/W1549868820","https://openalex.org/W1578630563","https://openalex.org/W1865684701","https://openalex.org/W2054731330","https://openalex.org/W2058626062","https://openalex.org/W2068204325","https://openalex.org/W2083646602","https://openalex.org/W2088298388","https://openalex.org/W2101457322","https://openalex.org/W2106242065","https://openalex.org/W2128240246","https://openalex.org/W2133088449","https://openalex.org/W2154971967","https://openalex.org/W2231713569","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2346757583","https://openalex.org/W2481899496","https://openalex.org/W2489831357","https://openalex.org/W2517303124","https://openalex.org/W2575731723","https://openalex.org/W2619779390","https://openalex.org/W2992576352","https://openalex.org/W4210533644","https://openalex.org/W4249485025","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4302033101","https://openalex.org/W6689430625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2733656312","https://openalex.org/W2976114880","https://openalex.org/W2328458106","https://openalex.org/W2120184307","https://openalex.org/W1000249520","https://openalex.org/W1976052704","https://openalex.org/W2050614322","https://openalex.org/W2005538035","https://openalex.org/W1973001558","https://openalex.org/W3124508506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,20,61,151],"this":[1,62],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,24,28,41,49,55,64,69,76,79,115,119,133,142,146,153,164,175,186],"risk":[4,143,183],"assessment":[5],"of":[6,27,72,118,131,163],"coordinated":[7,73],"cyber-physical":[8],"attacks":[9,74],"against":[10],"power":[11,29],"grids":[12],"is":[13,37,91,159,172,190],"investigated":[14],"using":[15],"a":[16,32,45,108],"novel":[17],"game-theoretic":[18],"framework.":[19],"particular,":[21],"to":[22,39,67,82,93,140,185],"address":[23],"dynamic":[25],"nature":[26],"grid":[30,50,77,135,147],"protection,":[31],"stochastic":[33,169],"budget":[34,59,156,188],"allocation":[35,157],"game":[36,170],"proposed":[38,168],"analyze":[40],"strategic":[42],"interactions":[43],"between":[44],"malicious":[46],"attacker":[47,65],"and":[48,57,101,182],"defender":[51,80],"while":[52,78],"factoring":[53],"in":[54,129,161],"attack":[56],"defense":[58,155],"limitations.":[60],"game,":[63],"intends":[66],"maximize":[68],"physical":[70,96],"impacts":[71,97,103],"on":[75,174],"aims":[81],"minimize":[83],"these":[84,102],"impacts.":[85],"An":[86],"optimal":[87,124,154],"load":[88],"shedding":[89],"problem":[90],"formulated":[92],"measure":[94],"such":[95],"under":[98],"successful":[99],"attacks,":[100],"are":[104],"then":[105],"incorporated":[106],"into":[107],"learning":[109],"algorithm":[110],"as":[111],"inputs":[112],"for":[113,179],"finding":[114],"Nash":[116,127],"equilibrium":[117],"game.":[120],"The":[121,167],"two":[122],"players'":[123],"strategies":[125],"at":[126,148],"equilibrium,":[128],"terms":[130,162],"attacking/protecting":[132],"critical":[134],"elements,":[136],"can":[137],"be":[138],"used":[139],"assess":[141],"faced":[144],"by":[145],"various":[149],"states.":[150],"addition,":[152],"strategy":[158],"expressed":[160],"corresponding":[165],"risk.":[166],"framework":[171],"tested":[173],"IEEE":[176],"9-bus":[177],"system":[178],"illustrative":[180],"purpose,":[181],"sensitivity":[184],"attack/defense":[187],"variation":[189],"analyzed.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}