{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402402777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137","title":"A Flat-Span Contrastive Learning Method for Nested Named Entity Recognition","display_name":"A Flat-Span Contrastive Learning Method for Nested Named Entity Recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402402777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/A_Flat-Span_Contrastive_Learning_Method_for_Nested_Named_Entity_Recognition/26037319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110647782","display_name":"Yaodi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaodi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115594328","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1088-5813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055221016","display_name":"Rong Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3410-8354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology,Infocomm Technology Cluster,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology,Infocomm Technology Cluster,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110638080","display_name":"Chenxi Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049309425","display_name":"Dianying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-2487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057571532","display_name":"Xiaohe Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6884-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohe Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Computer and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110647782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81154479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7199531197547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span","display_name":"Span (engineering)","score":0.5602477192878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5219050049781799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4085991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38421133160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1372237205505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.13209640979766846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7199531197547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5602477192878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5219050049781799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4085991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38421133160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1372237205505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.13209640979766846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661137","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/26037319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/A_Flat-Span_Contrastive_Learning_Method_for_Nested_Named_Entity_Recognition/26037319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/26037319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/A_Flat-Span_Contrastive_Learning_Method_for_Nested_Named_Entity_Recognition/26037319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W2047477415","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250710764","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2760146825","https://openalex.org/W2804221886","https://openalex.org/W2892252202","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2915716523","https://openalex.org/W2952594430","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2963339489","https://openalex.org/W2963568202","https://openalex.org/W2971019153","https://openalex.org/W2989149555","https://openalex.org/W2998456908","https://openalex.org/W3034744126","https://openalex.org/W3035543689","https://openalex.org/W3090015871","https://openalex.org/W3096121092","https://openalex.org/W3096655658","https://openalex.org/W3102603416","https://openalex.org/W3138523474","https://openalex.org/W3173197807","https://openalex.org/W3176006008","https://openalex.org/W3176489198","https://openalex.org/W3176971429","https://openalex.org/W3177329835","https://openalex.org/W4225964816","https://openalex.org/W4285114721","https://openalex.org/W4288104771","https://openalex.org/W4294294770","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W4322767126","https://openalex.org/W6640362995","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6768058859","https://openalex.org/W6780493881","https://openalex.org/W6843238313","https://openalex.org/W6844194202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"Named":[1],"entity":[2,103,117],"recognition":[3],"(NER)":[4],"methods":[5],"can":[6],"only":[7],"handle":[8,126],"flat":[9,47,65,139],"entities":[10,26,52],"and":[11,53,71,105,119,142,152],"ignore":[12],"nested":[13,39],"entities.":[14,28,80,98],"In":[15,63,81,156],"Natural":[16],"language":[17],"processing":[18],"(NLP),":[19],"it":[20],"is":[21,133],"common":[22],"to":[23,76,100,112,125,135,148,168],"contain":[24],"other":[25],"within":[27],"Therefore,":[29],"we":[30,68,87,108,160],"propose":[31],"a":[32,46,54],"Flat-Span":[33],"contrastive":[34,61,110],"learning":[35,111,132],"(Fla-SpaCL)":[36],"method":[37,42],"for":[38,50],"NER.":[40],"This":[41],"includes":[43],"two":[44],"sub-modules:":[45],"NER":[48,66,140],"module":[49,58,141,147],"outer":[51,79,97],"candidate":[55,83,91,144],"span":[56,84,145],"classification":[57,85,146],"based":[59,93],"on":[60,94],"learning.":[62],"the":[64,78,82,95,114,121,138,143,157,162],"module,":[67,86],"use":[69,120],"Star-Transformer":[70],"Conditional":[72],"random":[73],"field":[74],"(CRF)":[75],"identify":[77],"first":[88],"generate":[89],"inner":[90],"spans":[92,104,118],"identified":[96],"Secondly,":[99],"better":[101],"distinguish":[102],"non-entity":[106],"spans,":[107],"introduce":[109],"maximize":[113],"similarity":[115],"between":[116],"InfoNEC":[122],"loss":[123],"function":[124],"hard":[127],"negative":[128],"samples.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"multi-task":[131],"used":[134],"jointly":[136],"optimize":[137],"reduce":[149],"error":[150],"propagation":[151],"improve":[153],"model":[154,164],"performance.":[155],"experimental":[158],"analysis,":[159],"compared":[161],"proposed":[163],"with":[165],"baseline":[166],"models":[167],"verify":[169],"its":[170],"effectiveness.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}